Flight Aircraft

The discovery of ozone holes over Antarctica in the mid-1980s was strong observational evidence to support the Rowland and Molina hypothesis. The atmosphere over the south pole is complex because of the long periods of total darkness and sunlight and the presence of a polar vortex and polar stratospheric clouds. However, researchers have found evidence to support the role of CIO in the rapid depletion of stratospheric ozone over the south pole. Figure 11-3 shows the profile of ozone and CIO measured at an altitude of 18 km on an aircraft flight from southern Chile toward the south pole on September 21, 1987. One month earlier the ozone levels were fairly uniform around 2 ppm (vol). 

One of the special rotary atomizers worth mentioning is the windmill type atomizer. In this atomizer, radial cuts are made at the periphery of a disk and the tips of segments are twisted, so that the disk is actually converted into a windmill that can rotate rapidly when exposed to an air flow at aircraft flight speed. The windmill type atomizer has been demonstrated 1171 to be an ideal rotary atomizer for generating a narrow spectrum of droplet sizes in the range most suitable for aerial applications of pesticides at relatively high liquid flow rates. 

It should be noted that the dynamic conditions of droplet impact processes discussed above cover a large range of the actual conditions in many industrial processes, such as spray forming, thermal spray, spray combustion, spray cooling, and aircraft flight. Under these conditions, the spreading behavior of droplets on a flat surface is essentially governed by inertia and viscous effects (Fig. 

FIGURE 12 1 Major topographic features of the Los Angeles basin with inland valleys and mountains. Station locations A, Highland B, City Creek C, Mud Flat D, Rim Forest. Aircraft flight paths for the study area are also shown. Reprinted with permission from Edinger et al. 

FIGURE 11.24 Measured NO concentrations using TP-LIF and chemiluminescence during one series of aircraft flights (adapted from Crosley, 1996). 

Sample Collection and Analysis. In March 1967 we began obtaining air filter samples from RB-57 aircraft flights. Approximately once a month, samples were collected at 5000- or 10,000-foot intervals between 10,000 and 63,000 feet. Most of the initial samples were collected over... 

The results of studies carried out by Weisenstein et al. (1998) show that the ways in which the composition of engine exhaust gases evolve as they interact with the atmosphere have been poorly studied hence, the importance of further development of kinetic models describing the role of aircraft flights in changing the atmosphere. 

Fig. 3.3 Meteorological evaluation of WRF/Chem using the NEAQS2004 field experiment. Displayed are model predicted mean profiles of mixing ratio versus the observed profiles during 15 aircraft flights...

Figure 4. Aircraft flight lines executed over Ring 82B during the field mission of April 20,1982, The symbols located at the end of the flight lines indicate where the AXBTs were launched. The numbers denote the flight lines as well as the sequence in which they were flown. The positions on Flight Line 7 marked a and ""Z indicate where spectral waveforms were selected for...

The first aircraft flights to measure NH3 concentration in the troposphere over continents were carried out by Georgii and Muller (1974), while Gravenhorst (1975)... 

Figure 5. Isoprene and its oxidation products, methacrolein (MAC) plus methyl-vinyl ketone (MVK), have been measured by an airborne PTR-MS instrument. Data are from an aircraft flight (about 16 30 to 19 30 local time) over a tropical rainforest in Surinam, and show the vertical gradients of isoprene (detected at M69 ), and the sum of MAC and MVK (both detected at M71 ).

As can be observed, 12 microphone sensors are utilized that permit acquisition of 12 ensembles for averaging. For the aircraft flight speeds and altitudes associated with the FCLP, the 200-foot microphone spacing is selected to minimize the smear angle. 

The utility of the above transfer function is apparent when used to generate the frequency response of the system. The values for the various parameters for humans are as follows a = 0.15 mm, R = 3.2 mm, the dynamic viscosity of endolymph /u = 0.85 mPasec, /tf = 1000 kg/m, p = l.An, and K = 3.4 GPa/m. This produces values of the two time constants of tl = 20.8 sec and r = 0.00385 sec. The frequency response of the system is shown in Figure 64.6. The range of frequencies from 0.01 to 30 Hz establishes the SCCs as angular velocity transducers of head motion. This range includes those encountered in everyday movement. Environments such a aircraft flight, automobile travel, and shipboard travel can produce frequencies outside the linear range for these transducers. 

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