Topical skin protectant

Hobson, S.T., Braue, E.H., Lehnert, E.K. (2002a). Active topical skin protectants using combinations of reactive nanoparticles and polyoxometalates or metal salts. U.S. Patent No. 6,410,603, US Patent and Trademark Office, Washington, DC. 

Koper, O., Lucas, E., Klabunde, K.J. (1999). Development of reactive topical skin protectants against sulfur mustard and nerve agents. J. Appl. Toxicol. 19 (Suppl. 1) S59-70. 

Kadar, T., Fishbeine, E., Meshulam, J., Sahar, R., Amir, A., Bamess, I. (2003). A topical skin protectant against chemical warfare agents. Isr. Med. Assoc. J. 5 717-19. 

Enzymes in skin and eye lotions, immobilized in foams and on tissues for skin and eye decontamination (Gordon et al, 2003), or in topical skin protectants (Braue et al, 2002), act under conditions where local OP concentrations can be very high. In these cases, enzyme reaction order in [OP] tends to zero, so that reaction rate is close to maximum velocity ... 

These enzymes are promising for destruction of chemical weapons stockpiles, soil remediation, decontamination of materials, protective equipment, and water polluted by pesticides and nerve agents (Russel et al, 2003). In particular, phosphorothiolates such as VX are relatively resistant to PTE. Thus, oxidative cleavage of the P-S bond could be achieved by oxidases like laccases. These enzymes could be used in association with other OP-degrading enzymes for skin decontamination or in topical skin protection formulations. Though no work has been performed on combined action of oxidases and hydrolases, oxidation of P-bonded alkyl/aryl chains by oxidases is expected to alter enantio-selectivity of PTE for parent OPs, and therefore to improve the efficiency of catalytic bioscavengers. 

Catalytic bioscavengers will be part of the arsenal of medical countermeasures for prophylaxis and treatments of OP poisoning in the very near future. Next, gene therapy will offer the possibility of transitory production of humanized OP-degrading enzymes in the body. Multiple enzyme associations will be part of active topical skin protectants and decontamination tools. 

Two new medical products are currently in advanced stages of development in the Joint Service Medical Chemical Defense Science and Technology Program a topical skin protectant and a multichambered autoinjector. The topical skin protectant is a barrier ointment that will significantly delay the penetration of... 

A topical skin protectant and a multichambered autoinjector are close to being fielded. Less mature are broad-spectrum enzyme scavengers and reactive topical skin protectants to provide pre-exposure protection against a wide range of agents. 

Braue, E.H. Jr., Development of a reactive topical skin protectant, J. Appl. Toxicol., 19, S47-S53, 1999. Braue, E.H. Jr., Unpublished Test Results at the United States Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical... 

Braue, E.H. Jr., Hobson, S.T., Govardhan, C., and Khalaf, N., Active Topical Skin Protectants Containing OPAA Enzymes and CLECs, U.S. Patent 6,410,603, 25 June 2002a. 

Hobson, S.T., Lehnert, E.K., and Braue, E.H. Jr., The U.S. Army reactive topical skin protectant (rTSP) challenges and successes, MRS Symposium Series CC Hybrid Organic Inorganic Materials (Online), 628, CC10.8.1-CC10.8.8, 2000. 

Active Topical Skin Protectants Using Combinations of Reactive Nanoparticles and Polyoxometalates or... 

McCreery, M.J., US Patent 5, 607, 1979, Topical Skin Protectants. 4 March 1997. 

Two topical skin protectants (TPS1 and TSP2) are in advanced development for protection against chemical warfare agents. When applied to the skin of rabbits 60 minutes before exposure to 50 pg of T-... 

Wannemacher RW Jr. Evaluation of Two Topical Skin Protectants (TSP1 TSP2) in the Rabbit Model. Fort Detrick, Frederick, Md US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Disease. Memorandum to US Army Medical Material Development Activity, 19 July 1994. 

Two topical skin protectants in development by DoD have been shown to protect rabbits from the dermal effects of T-2 toxin for at least 2 hours, but neither is available for human use. An IND has been submitted to the FDA for the simpler of the two, which offers only passive protection from T-2 toxin and a number of other potential chemical and biological agents. Human safety has also been demonstrated for this product, a manufacturing contract awarded, and an NDA is being prepared in hopes... 

Topical skin Protectant (TSP) Reactive TSP (decontaminates) Corticosteroids (systemic)... 

Figure 1. Formulation of Active Topical Skin Protectants by adding active compounds from different classes of active moieties into the base cream.

Kurt, E. M. Braue, E. H. Jr. SMn Adsorption Pharmacology of Topical Skin Protectant ICD 2289 USAMRICD-TR-97-03, The U.S. Amqr Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, APG, MD, June 1997. 

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