Immunologic tolerance

Gershon RK, Kondo K Infectious immunological tolerance. Immunology 1971 21 903-914. 

Van Wilsem EJ, van Hoogstraatn IM, Breve J, Scheper RJ, Kraal G Dendritic cells of the oral mucosa and the induction of oral tolerance. Immunology 1994 833 128-132. 

Weiner, H. L., Friedman, A., Miller, A., Khoury, S. J., Al-Sabbagh, A., Santos, L., Sayegh, M., Nussenblatt, R. B., Trentham, D. E., and Hafler, D. A., Oral tolerance immunologic mechanisms and treatment of animal and human organ-specific autoimmune diseases by oral administration of autoantigens, Annu. Rev. Immunol., 12, 809, 1994. 

The convenient properties of liquid and solid dimethylpolysiloxanes (thermal and chemical stability, hydrophobicity, anti-adhesive behavior, etc.) make them suitable for a variety of technical applications in medicine. Especially pure preparations (Silastic ) have been used to construct artificial limbs, gullets, cardiac valves, trachea, etc., and in face-lifting. Silicon rubber breast implants, which are filled with a polysiloxane gel, have been used cosmetically. Synthetic arteries impregnated with silicon do not break or cause coagulation, they are flexible, and they are well tolerated immunologically. Silicones prevent the formation of foam in equipment for artificial blood circulation (heart-lung machines). The surfaces of such equipment, and of the... 

Maizels, R.M. and Lawrence, R.A. (1991) Immunological tolerance the key feature in human filariasis Parasitology Today 7, 271-276. 

There exists direct evidence that the immune system mounts an immune response against most cancer types. Virtually all transformed cells express (a) novel surface antigens not expressed by normal cells or (b) express, at greatly elevated levels, certain antigens present normally on the cell at extremely low levels. These normal expression levels may be so low that they have gone unnoticed by immune surveillance (and thus have not induced immunological tolerance). 

Autoimmune diseases in which immunological self-tolerance breaks down and the immune system launches an attack on self-antigens. 

The transformation of a cell to the cancerous state is normally associated with increased surface expression of antigens recognized as foreign by the host immune system. These surface antigens, often termed tumour antigens or tumour surface antigens, are either not expressed at all by the untransformed cell or are expressed at such low levels that they fail to induce immunological tolerance. 

Sakaguchi, S. et al., Immunologic self-tolerance maintained by activated T cells expressing IL-2 receptor alpha-chains (CD25). Breakdown of a single mechanism of self-tolerance causes various autoimmune diseases, J. Immunol. 155, 1151-1164, 1995. 

In summary, therefore, the ability to tolerate dietary exposure to food proteins does not demand the suppression of all immune responses, but rather the avoidance or selective inhibition of immune responses of the quality required for IgE antibody production and allergic sensitization. Against this background an intriguing question relates to the nature of factors that influence the loss or failure of immunological tolerance and acquisition of allergic sensitization to food proteins, and which underlie inter-individual differences in susceptibility to food allergy [43],... 

Strid, J., Thomson, M., Hourihane, J., Kimber, I. and Strobel, S., A novel model of sensitization and oral tolerance to peanut protein. Immunology, 113, 293, 2004. 

Itoh M, Takahashi T, Sakaguchi N, Kuniyasu Y, Shimizu J, Otsuka F, Sakaguchi S Thymus and autoimmunity production ofCD25+CD4+ naturally anergic and suppressive T cells as a key function of the thymus in maintaining immunologic self-tolerance. J Immunol 1999 162 5317-5326. 

---