Tobacco mosaic virus control

Cucumber cotyledons were inoculated with purified tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) 20 to 24 hours before vacuum infiltration with different concentrations of crude water extracts of plant leaves (4). After 7 days, inoculated leaves were harvested and stored 24 hours in the dark in a moist chamber to remove excess starch. Starch lesions were counted after clearing with alcohol and staining with an iodine-potassium iodide-lactic acid mixture. The inhibitory effects of various extracts were demonstrated by comparing lesion counts of treated cotyledons to counts on control cotyledons. 

A very interesting use of the Brdicka protein wave is the controlling of the purity of the tobacco mosaic virus [142,143]. This virus in the pure state shows the first part of the double-wave only. However, the non-virus protein present as impurities, yields the whole double-wave, the second hump of which disappears if the virus is purified. The polarographic studies of TM-virus at low temperature led Rutkay to the opinion, that pv,larographic effect of protein is given by three maxima, which can under special circumstances coalesce. He suggests, that the maxima... 

Eggplants are susceptible to many of the same problems, pests, and diseases as tomatoes, including flower drop or misshapen fruit due to extreme temperatures, flea beetles, Colorado potato beetles, aphids, hornworms, mites, Verticillium and Eusarium wilts, tobacco mosaic virus, and anthracnose fruit rot. See the Tomato entry beginning on page 227 for symptoms, causes, and controls. 

In this section, we consider the case of solutions of rigid or semi-flexible polymers which display one or several liquid crystalline phases in a given range of concentration. The main control parameter is not flie temperature as is the case for thermotropic LCPs but rather the concentration of polymer in the solvent. There are many different kinds of lyotropic LCPs. Some are synthetic like Kevlar which has become a very important structural material with mechanical properties comparable to those of steel. Some are natural like the Tobacco Mosaic Virus and like DNA which shows a nematic and a hexagonal phase. Some are mineral like the vanadium pentoxide ribbons. In the next section, we shall first describe the lyotropic system which is probably best known, namely the tobacco mosaic virus. 

Strict supramolecular self-assembly involves the spontaneous formation of a multicomponent aggregate under thermodynamically controlled conditions based on information encoded within the individual building blocks (tectons). The aggregate might comprise only one kind of molecule (as in the multiple copies of the same protein that comprise the coat of many viruses, such as the tobacco mosaic virus) or more than one type of component. In the latter case, the different components are usually mutually conaplementary. Strict self-assembly implicitly... 

From this early work on side-chain SPs, the preparation of various nonliquid crystalline systems has been prolific. One study by Sheiko and co-workers demonstrated the control of polymer backbone conformation through addition of self-assembling side-chain groups. The authors reported the use of Frechet-type aryl ether dendrons appended from either a styrenic or a methacrylic polymer backbone to form self-assembled biological mimics of the tobacco mosaic virus or the icosahedral vims, depending on the conformation of the... 

Tobacco is an important economic crop and a model plant for research. Many reports reveal that CTS can induce tobacco s resistance to tobacco mosaic virus (TMV), tobacco necrosis virus (TNV), and Phytophthora parasitica nicotianae. For example. Falcon studied the effect of different sizes and deacetylation degrees of chitosan derivatives on tobacco protection against P. parasitica (Falcon et al. 2008). The result of their experiment showed that different chitosans have distinct effects on this disease control though less acetylated chitosan are better for inhibition of P. parasitica... 

Tobacco mosaic virus is made of RNA and a protein coat. The amino acid sequence of the protein coat is dictated by the base sequence of the tobacco mosaic RNA (to determine the composition of the coat protein). Obviously, much can be learned about the control of protein synthesis by changing the composition of the template RNA. This is precisely what happens after chemical mutagens are applied. Three different mutagens have been used nitrous acid, hydroxyla-mine, and 5-fluorouracil. Among the three, the results obtained with nitrous acid are particularly interesting. 

PNIPPAM-modified particles can also be used directly for temperature-controlled adsorption and desorption of viruses, proteins, etc. [31]. To demonstrate the application of the PNIPAAM-grafted polymer particles for the temperature-controlled adsorption and desorption of proteins and viruses, IgG protein supported on gold particles and tobacco mosaic virus were... 

The RNA molecule of one of the most thoroughly studied viruses, tobacco mosaic virus (TMV), has the structure of a single-stranded polynucleotide consisting of approximately 6000 nucleotides. The fact that this RNA contains the information determining amino acid sequence in the protein of the virus coat (158 amino acid residues in each protein molecule) is shown not only by the widely known and extensive data on infectivity of pure tobacco mosaic virus RNA and its ability to reproduce whole virus, but also, in a more direct form, by investigations of inherited changes in the amino acid sequence of this protein as a result of experimental modifications of flie nucleotide composition of the virus RNA by the action of nitric acid and other substances under carefully controlled conditions. Such treatment causes deamination... 

The first hurdle encountered during the development of alfalfa as a recombinant protein production system was the relative inefficiency of the available expression cassettes. A study in which a tomato proteinase inhibitor I transgene was expressed in tobacco and alfalfa under the control of the cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) 35S promoter showed that 3-4 times more protein accumulated in tobacco leaves compared to alfalfa leaves [5]. Despite the low efficiency of the CaMV 35S promoter in alfalfa, bio-pharmaceutical production using this system has been reported in the scientific literature. Such reports include expression of the foot and mouth disease virus antigen [6], an enzyme to improve phosphorus utilization [7] and the anti-human IgG C5-1 [8]. In this last work, the C5-1 antibody accumulated to 1% total soluble protein [8]. 

The use of antibiotics for the control of plant virus diseases( ) is of interest. Several antibiotics have been tested for inhibition of replication of viral nucleic acid and/or protein synthesis within the host cell. Chloramphenicol, cycloheximide, actinomycin D and others are the most used antibiotics and the disease caused by tobacco mosaic... 

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