To the New World

The desire of the Spanish Crown to support geological education and research arose from the Spanish possessions in South America and Mexico. Mesdco in particular was rich in valuable minerals. 

When Mexico liberated itself from the Spanish Crown in 1821 Del Rio decided to stay in the new country, and he continued his duties there for the benefit of the country s industry, based as it was on geology, mining and metallurgy. He was active practically to his death in 1849. He died at the age of 85 after having served his new home country for 55 years. 

Many minerals from different parts of the country were investigated at the mining college in Mexico City. One of these minerals has given Del Rio a place in the history of element discoveries. In the Cardonal mine in the district of Zimapan, located in the state of Hidalgo in central Mexico, a mineral known as Plomo pardo de Zimapan occurred. It was a lead mineral but what more was in it.  

After chemical investigation Del Rio found, in addition to lead, up to 15% of a new metal. At least he thought it was new. It had similarities with chromium in that different colors could be obtained in solutions with different oxidation states. The year was 1801 and Vauquelin had discovered chromium in 1797. Del Rio gave the name pan-chromium to his new metal but changed it to erythronium. 

When von Humboldt visited Mexico in 1803 he got samples of the brown lead mineral. He divided it into several portions and sent the samples to different laboratories in Europe with Del Rio s results in accompanying letters. 

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As it turned out, the local chemical society in Montreal had scheduled Herman Mark as one of its monthly speakers, and there was a large turnout to hear him, both from industry and academe. Most of us had already heard about this "refugee" from war-torn Europe who had recently come to the New World, first to Canada and then to settle in Brooklyn, and we were very curious to meet him. 

The advances in disease control made in Europe and the associated increases in crop yields prompted further research in the US. Whilst the ensuing collaborative efforts of the French and American pathologists undoubtedly impacted upon the development of, in particular, copper and sulfur fungicides, such opportunities for travel between continents are never missed by Nature and it is likely that the appearance in France at that time of Guignardia bidwellii, another pathogen of vines native to the New World, was no coincidence. 

Enrico Fermi on his voyage to the new world postulated that a third particle was needed to balance the emission of the electron in 3 decay. However, the existing conservation laws also had to be satisfied, so there were a number of constraints on the properties of this new particle. Focusing on the decay of a neutron as a specific example, the reaction is already balanced with respect to electric charge, so any additional particle must be neutral. The electrons were observed with energies up to the maximum allowed by the decay Q value so the mass of the particle must be smaller that the instrumental uncertainties. Initially, this instrumental... 

The Cactaceae are indigenous to the New World. They are economically important as ornamentals the fruits of Opuntia arc used as food the peyote (Lophophora wilUamsii) is a well-known hallucinogen. 

The scene shifted to the New World. I was with Thomas Jefferson at Monticello as he was explaining his newest invention to a group of friends. The newest product of Jefferson s fertile mind was a four-sided music stand, so designed that all four members of a string quartet could use the same... 

However, the newcomers to the New World were not accepting of the well-established peyote cults. Campaigns were quickly undertaken to make peyote illegal. When Mexico outlawed it in 1720, the ritual was so entrenched that the practice continued in secret. In fact, the Huichol Indians of Mexico still perform a peyote ritual that is probably very similar to that performed in the days before colonization. 

The genomist will look at the first animals and predict that all of them will remain just what they were in the Cambrian until the present or extinction.8, 9 New forms will come from species-specific precursors at later times. The fossil record gives a nod to the new world. 

Madeira wines exhibits a peculiar winemaking processing, fundamental to the development of its specific characteristics. It is a fortified wine made on the island of the same name of the coast of Portugal. The Madeira Island has a long winemaking history dating back to the Age of Exploration, when Madeira was a standard port of call for ships heading to the New World or... 

Ken s geographical transition to the New World was accompanied by a concomitant transition in his research emphasis. Although he maintained an interest in polysaccharide chemistry, the publication record from Queen s University attests to the universality of his interests in carbohydrate chemistry. J. K. made major contributions to synthetic carbohydrate chemistry, stereochemistry, biosynthetic mechanisms, and metabolism of carbohydrates, and the application of such separational techniques as paper and gas-liquid chromatography in the carbohydrate field. The results of his lifetime of research were documented in over 300 scientific publications. Clearly, it would be impractical to review this number of papers individually, and consequently, only a representative sample will be treated. A list of Professor Jones s publications is appended to this article. 

The Spanish friar Ramdn Paul, who accompanied Columbus on his second voyage to the New World, was the first to record native use of... 

He had come to the New World when conditions in England became unbearable for him. The press had attacked him, and... 

The tree is said to have been discovered in the Amazon or Orinoco basin at least 4000 years ago. Christopher Columbus was the first European to encounter the beans, during his fourth voyage to the New World in 1502, but he virtually ignored them. It was two decades later that the Spanish conquistador Hernando Cortes helped spread the valuable cocoa bean crop to the Caribbean and Africa, and then he introduced drinking chocolate into Spain in 1528. The cacao tree is now cultivated in West Africa, South America, Central America, and the Far East. At world level, the demand for cocoa is generally measured by reference to world grindings. The world grindings of cocoa beans in 2003/2004 approached three million metric tons. 

Reference to the hemp plant (cannabis) appears as early as 2700 b.c. in a Chinese manuscript. European explorers arriving to the New World first observed the plant in 1545. It was considered to be such a useful crop that early Jamestown settlers in 1607 began its cultivation and later, in Virginia, farmers were fined for not growing... 

Second, two specimens shown in Table I—one believed to have been made in Europe (SB 33), the other of questionable Mexican origin (SB 32)—contain volcanic temper and, therefore, belong to the New World production. Both specimens contain the cerium, lanthanum, and thorium oxide concentrations characteristic of Mexican majolica. 

Columbus and his crew were responsible for introducing tobacco to the New World. 

F The Indians whom Columbus encountered introduced him and later explorers to tobacco and other psychoactive plants. The Europeans, in turn, introduced alcohol to the New World. 

The belief that Satan, witches, sorcerers, and other diabolic and demonic forces were responsible for congenital malformations was prevalent during the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, and this belief found its way to the new world. Not that these concepts were new - far from it. A mummified anencephalus -a condition considered the most severe malformation compatible with intrauterine life (Figure 1) - was discovered in 1825 at the Egyptian catacombs of the Hermopolis sarcophagus. This individual s area... 

The -transform was originally devised by control engineers of the early 1950 s who needed to extend the Laplace transform methods, which served well in determining the stability of analogue control systems, to the new world of digital control systems in which time delays played a more important role. 

Perhaps the earliest account is an entry in the log of Columbus during his fourth voyage to the New World. In July 1502, off Yucatan, he intercepted a coastwise canoe loaded with products of agricultural commerce. Among them was cacao, one of the many unique vegetable legacies from the Americas (23). 

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