TNT exploding

A powerful oxidant. A dangerous fire and explosion hazard. A high explosive sensitive to shock, friction, or heat. More sensitive to shock and friction than TNT. Explodes on contact with trioxygen difluoride. Ignites on contact with hydrazine. When heated to decomposition it emits toxic fumes of NOx. See also NITRATES and EXPLOSIVES, HIGH. 

The reaction according to which TNT explodes may be represented thus ... 

Aocordmg to H J. Pesman, when oonflned in the closed cell and subjected to the adiabatic self-healing test started from a T, of 175 1C, molten TNT exploded thermally about 50 h after the start of the test. 

The energy released by a bomb is sometimes expressed in tons of TNT (trinitrotoluene). When one ton of TNT explodes, 4 X 10 J of energy is released. The fission of 1 mol of uranium releases approximately 2 X 10 J of energy. Calculate the energy released hy the fission of 1.2 kg of uranium in a small atomic homh. Express your answer in tons of TNT. 

When spherically packed TNT explodes in free space, the super pressure calculation of shock waves follows the below equations. 

The calculation uses TNT sphere as a reference, and the extension calculating of explosion in the air. When TNT explodes,... 

A 10-kg mass of TNT explodes on the ground. Determine the overpressure, arrival time, duration time, and impulse 10 m away from the blast. 

Many nitrated products are explosives, including DNT, TNT, and nitroglycerine (NG). At least some mononitroaromati.es can also be exploded under certain conditions (20). Because of the high heats of nitration, mnaway reactions followed by severe explosions have occurred in industrial batch nitrators. To rniiiimi2e these potential ha2ards, the compositions of the feed acids and reaction conditions are currently better controlled than formerly. 

To allow for spray- and aerosol-formation, the mass of fuel in the cloud is assumed to be twice the theoretical flash of the amount of material released, so long as this quantity does not exceed the total amount of fuel available. Blast effects are modeled by means of TNT blast data according to Marshall (1976), while 1 bar is considered to be upper limit for the in-cloud overpressure (Figure 4.18). Because experience indicates that vapor clouds which are most likely to explode... 

Methylnitramine explodes on heating or on contact with coned sulfuric acid. Based on tests conducted in the USA during WWII, it is more powerful than TNT (144% as detd by Trauzl lead block test) (Ref 3) ... 

N 20.29%, OB to C02 -65.65%, white prisms, mp 190°, explodes. Readily sol in organic solvents. Prepn by gently refluxing bis-tri-methylethylenenitrosochloride with coned nitric acid (d 1.42g/cc) (Refs 1 3). 700.46kcal/mole (Ref 4). Impact sensitivity is less than TNT (Ref 2). Power by ballistic mortar is 106% of, TNT (Ref 2)... 

In order to utilize the chlorine, large amts were used for the chlorination of benz to produce chlor- and dichlorbenzenes, used at that time as insecticides and moth exterminators. At the same time, attempts were made to nitrate the dichlorbenzene, which proved to be expl. When mixed with TNT in HE shells, it did not detonate completely, but presented interesting possibilities because the unexploded portion, atomized in the air, was a vigorous itch-producer and lachrymator, and because the exploded portion yielded phosgene... 

C05-0138. In an explosion, a compound that is a solid or a liquid decomposes very rapidly, producing large volumes of gas. The force of the explosion results from the rapid expansion of the hot gases. For example, TNT (trinitrotoluene) explodes according to the following balanced equation ... 

Silver perchlorate forms solid complexes with aniline, pyridine, toluene, benzene and many other aromatic hydrocarbons [1], A sample of the benzene complex exploded violently on crushing in a mortar. The ethanol complex also exploded similarly, and unspecified perchlorates dissolved in organic solvents were observed to explode [2], Solutions of the perchlorate in benzene are said to be dangerously explosive [3], but this may be in error for the solid benzene complex. The energy released on decomposition of the benzene complex has been calculated as 3.4 kJ/g, some 75% of that for TNT [4],... 

A different scenario involving these three occurred when lightning struck an aluminium foundry. It is supposed that this dispersed molten metal droplets in air, which then exploded with the estimated force of 200 kg TNT, causing damage which allowed remaining molten metal to fall into the wet casting pit, producing a second explosion of half the power of the first [2],... 

Mixtures of aluminium powder with liquid chlorine, dinitrogen tetraoxide or tetran-itromethane are detonable explosives, but not as powerful as aluminium-liquid oxygen mixtures, some of which exceed TNT in effect by a factor of 3 to 4 [1], Mixtures of the powdered metal and various bromates may explode on impact, heating or friction. Iodates and chlorates act similarly [2], Detonation properties of gelled slurries of aluminium powder in aqueous nitrate or perchlorate salt solutions have been studied [3], Reactions of aluminium powder with potassium chlorate or potassium perchlorate have been studied by thermal analysis [4],... 

An 850 kg batch of a slightly doped form of azodicarbonamide exploded violently, with a TNT equivalence of 3.3 kg, 5 minutes after sampling at the end of drying. The probable initial temperature was 65°C, the lowest self accelerating decomposition temperature 90°C, and such decomposition is not explosive. Full explosibility tests, including detonability, had shown no hazard. Further study demonstrated that slightly contained azodicarboxamide, thermally initiated at the bottom of a column or conical vessel could explode even at the 5 kg scale. The above TNT equivalence corresponds to decomposition of 4% of the available charge. The cause of the presumptive hot spot is unknown. 

One kilogram of TNT is exploded. Compute the overpressure at a distance of 30 m from the explosion. 

TNT equivalency is a simple method for equating a known energy of a combustible fuel to an equivalent mass of TNT. The approach is based on the assumption that an exploding fuel... 

One thousand kilograms of methane escapes from a storage vessel, mixes with air, and explodes. Determine (a) the equivalent amount of TNT and (b) the side-on peak overpressure at a distance of 50 m from the blast. Assume an explosion efficiency of 2%. 

A reactor contains the equivalent of 10,000 lb of TNT. If it explodes, estimate the injury to people and the damage to structures 500 ft away. 

A process storage tank contained 6500 gal of ethylene oxide. It was accidentally contaminated with ammonia. The tank ruptured and dispersed ethylene oxide into the air. A vapor cloud was formed and almost immediately exploded. It created an explosive force equivalent to 18 tons of TNT, as evidenced by the damage. The events happened so rapidly that personnel could not take appropriate cover. One person was killed and nine were injured property losses exceeded 16.5 million. 

Fat Man was the Kokura Arsenal on Kyushu Island, but poor weather conditions led to the bombing of the secondary target of Nagasaki. This bomb exploded 1650 feet above the slopes of the city with a force of 21,000 tons (21 kilotons) of TNT. 

More recently, explosives have been tested for impact sensitivity by an impact machine in which 40 mg of explosive on sandpaper are placed between an anvil and a steel cylinder. A 2.5 kg weight is dropped from different heights and the sound produced serves to indicate a go or no go . The result from 25 drops is calculated to give a height at which the probability of explosion is 50%. Results from a compilation104 are presented in Table 12 and show that the relative values of TNT and picric acid are reversed from the previous table. TNT is relatively more sensitive on the Type 12 impact machine than in the FI impact test. TATB is so insensitive that it fails to explode at the maximum drop height of the machine. 

A final laboratory study was described by Shick and Grace (1982) as being carried out in Sweden (Bei an and Laufke, 1981). From 10 to 100 g of water were injected into 10-30 g of smelt. In some tests subsurface iiyection was used at pressures of 10 bar, whereas in others a ceramic capsule with water was burst under smelt with electric fuses. Smelts of a wide range of compositions could be exploded with the subsurface injection. Comparison of explosion intensities to those produced by TNT or black powder (as judged from pressure-time traces) suggested that 1 kg of water was equivalent to 0.03-0.2 kg TNT or 0.3-2 kg black powder. 

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