Titanium minerals rutile ores

It occurs in the minerals rutile, ilmenite, and sphene, and is present in titanates and in many iron ores. Titanium is present in the ash of coal, in plants, and in the human body. 

A large portion of titanium minerals (ilmenite, rutile) are produced from heavy mineral sands using physical preconcentration methods including gravity, magnetic and electrostatic separation. Over the past 30 years, advances have been made using flotation, where ilmenite, mtile and perovskite can be effectively recovered from both heavy mineral sands and hard rock ores using flotation methods. 

Titanium occurs in nature in the minerals rutile( Ti02), ilmenite (FeTiOs), geikielite, (MgTiOs) perovskite (CaTiOs) and titanite or sphene (CaTiSi04(0,0H,F)). It also is found in many iron ores. Abundance of titanium in the earth s crust is 0.565%. Titanium has been detected in moon rocks and meteorites. Titanium oxide has been detected in the spectra of M-type stars and interstellar space. 

In die chloride process, the feedstock must be high in titanium and low m iron. Mineral rutile (95% TiO ) is best suited, but leucoxene (65% Ti02) can be used. See also Brookite, An economical conversion of ilmenite for use as a chloride process feedstock has not been developed to date. The ore is mixed with coke and chlorinated at about 900°C in a fluidized bed. The principal product is titanium tetrachloride, but other impurities including iron also are chlorinated and thus must be removed by selective condensation and distillation. Up to this point, the process is... 

Chloride Process. A flow diagram for the chloride process is shown in Figure 1. The first stage in the process, carbothermal chlorination of the ore to produce titanium tetrachloride, is carried out in a fluid-bed chlorinator at ca 950°C. If mineral rutile is used as the feedstock, the dominant reaction is chlorination of titanium dioxide. 

Titanium dioxide or titania is the naturally occurring oxide of titanium. It has a wide range of applications, from paint to sunscreen to food coloring. Titanium dioxide occurs in nature as the well-known minerals rutile, anatase and brookite. It is mainly sourced from ilmenite ore, which is the... 

Titanium dioxide, rutile n. Ti02- Pigment white 6 (77891). A high-opacity, bright white pigment, non-chalking type, used as a prime pigment in paints, rubber, plastics. Prepared from the mineral, ihnenite, or rutile ore. Density, 3.9-4.2g/cm (33-35 lb/ gal) O.A., 16 8 particle size, 0.2-0.3 pm, refractive index, 2.76. Syn titania. 

Titanium occurs in the minerals rutile (titanium oxide) and ilmenite (iron titanium oxide). Like aluminum, titanium is expensive to produce from its ore. Most titanium used is in the form of titanium oxide, which produces an intense white color in paint and paper. Titanium is also alloyed with aluminum. 

The metal zirconium is not as rare as might be expected. It is eighteenth in abundance in the earth s crust and more common than copper and zinc together. The most important mineral is zircon, zirconium silicate ZrSiO. Badddeyite, zirconium oxide ZrOj (Table 19.1) is also important There are, however, no zircon mines. Zircon is recovered as a by-product from the extraction of titanium from ores containing the minerals rutile and ilmenite. 

The use of monazite and xenotime is generally linked to the demand of other economically recoverable elements, e.g., titanium (sphene, rutile, ilmenite), tin (cassiterite), niobium (euxenite), zirconium (zircon) in placer alluvial, fluvial, eluvial, and beach deposits. Rarely has monazite or xenotime occurred in great enough concentration to make it economically recoverable as a primary ore mineral. Nevertheless, there is a considerable worldwide reserve of these minerals which could be processed in the future under more favorable economic conditions. 

Titanium dioxide (E171, Cl white 6) is a white, opaque mineral occurring naturally in three main forms rutile, anatase, and brookite. More than 4 million tons of titanium dioxide are produced per year and it is widely used for industrial applications (paints, inks, plastics, textiles) and in small amounts as a food colorant. ° "° Production and properties — Titanium oxide is mainly produced from ilmenite, a titaniferous ore (FeTiOj). Rutile and anatase are relatively pure titanium dioxide (Ti02) forms. Titanium oxide pigment is produced via chloride or sulfate processes via the treatment of the titanium oxide ore with chlorine gas or sulfuric acid, followed by a series of purification steps. High-purity anatase is preferred for utilization in the food industry. It may be coated with small amounts of alumina or silica to improve technological properties. 

The most common mineral sources of titanium are ilmenite, rutile, and titanite. Titanium is also obtained from iron ore slags. Slag is an earthy material that floats to the top when iron is removed from iron ore. 

Arsenazo HI was applied in the determination of thorium in biological materials [103,104], natural waters [34,105,106], fertilizers [107], glass [108], silicate minerals [2,10,27,55,109], niobium and tantalum minerals [110], uranium minerals [3,18], manganese ores [19], lanthanide compounds [26,44], zirconium minerals [111], titanium concentrates [111], ilmenite and rutile [112]. Thorium was determined in waters with the use of the FIA technique [106]. 

The metal is extracted commercially from the three chief ore minerals ilmenite, leucoxene, and rutile the first one is by far the most common despite being of the lowest grade in titanium content. Actually, ilmenite and hemoilmenite are ubiquitous minerals of mafic... 

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