Titanium minerals rutile

It occurs in the minerals rutile, ilmenite, and sphene, and is present in titanates and in many iron ores. Titanium is present in the ash of coal, in plants, and in the human body. 

The electrostatic separation method is the exclusive choice in some specific situations, for example in the cases of rutile and ilmenite deposits. These deposits generally contain minerals of similar specific gravities and similar surface properties so that processes such as flotation are unsuitable for concentration. The major application of electrostatic separation is in the processing of beach sands and alluvial deposits containing titanium minerals. Almost all the beach sand plants in the world use electrostatic separation to separate rutile and ilmenite from zircon and monazite. In this context the flowsheet given later (see Figure 2.35 A) may be referred to. Electrostatic separation is also used with regard to a number of other minerals. Some reported commercial separations include those of cassiterite from scheelite, wolframite from quartz, cassiterite from columbite, feldspar from quartz and mica, and diamond from heavy associated minerals. Electrostatic separation is also used in industrial waste recovery. 

Chloride One of the two process used today for making titanium dioxide pigment. Mineral rutile, or another mineral rich in titanium, is chlorinated with coke to produce titanium tetrachloride ... 

Rutile is the most stable of all the titanium minerals. In a number of cases, rutile may contain impurities such as iron oxides, tin, chromium and vanadium. The rutile grade can range from 95% to 99% Ti02. 

Leucoxene has a composition similar to that of rutile, and is a product of alterations of a number of titanium minerals, most often ilmenite and sphene. It contains higher amounts of titanium, compared to ilmenite, and can range from 61% to 75% Ti02. 

Titanium minerals have been recovered from both hard rock and sand deposits. Until 1945, most of the ilmenite and rutile produced commercially came from sand deposits, but nowadays, the production of ilmenite from rock deposits exceeds that of sand deposits. Rutile, however, is exclusively produced from sand deposits, although a new technology exists that recovers rutile from rock deposits. 

Anorthositic deposits - nearly all of the known commercially important rock deposits of titanium minerals are associated with anorthositic or gabbroic rocks. There are three main types (a) ilmenite-magnetite (titanoferous magnetite), (b) ilmenite-haematite, and (c) ilmenite-rutile. 

Extensive research has been carried out mainly on ilmenite and, to a lesser degree, on flotation of rutile and perovskite. Flotation studies have been performed on titanium minerals from both hard rock and fine-grained sand deposits. 

A large portion of titanium minerals (ilmenite, rutile) are produced from heavy mineral sands using physical preconcentration methods including gravity, magnetic and electrostatic separation. Over the past 30 years, advances have been made using flotation, where ilmenite, mtile and perovskite can be effectively recovered from both heavy mineral sands and hard rock ores using flotation methods. 

Titanium occurs in nature in the minerals rutile( Ti02), ilmenite (FeTiOs), geikielite, (MgTiOs) perovskite (CaTiOs) and titanite or sphene (CaTiSi04(0,0H,F)). It also is found in many iron ores. Abundance of titanium in the earth s crust is 0.565%. Titanium has been detected in moon rocks and meteorites. Titanium oxide has been detected in the spectra of M-type stars and interstellar space. 

Titanium dioxide is mined from natural deposits. It also is produced from other titanium minerals or prepared in the laboratory. Pigment-grade dioxide is produced from tbe minerals, rutile and dmenite. Rutile is converted to pigment grade rutile by chlorination to give titanium tetrachloride, TiCU. Anhydrous tetrachloride is converted back to purified rutile form by vapor phase oxidation. 

Titanium is the ninth most abundant element in the earth s crust, and always occurs in combination with oxygen. The more important titanium minerals are shown in Table 12. Of the natural titanium minerals, only ilmenite, leucoxene, and rutile are of economic importance. Leucoxene is a weathering product of ilmenite. 

In die chloride process, the feedstock must be high in titanium and low m iron. Mineral rutile (95% TiO ) is best suited, but leucoxene (65% Ti02) can be used. See also Brookite, An economical conversion of ilmenite for use as a chloride process feedstock has not been developed to date. The ore is mixed with coke and chlorinated at about 900°C in a fluidized bed. The principal product is titanium tetrachloride, but other impurities including iron also are chlorinated and thus must be removed by selective condensation and distillation. Up to this point, the process is... 

Titanium metal is obtained from the mineral rutile, Ti02. How many kilograms of rutile are needed to produce 100.0 kg of H ... 

Titanium diboride, typically 96—98% pure, may also be made by the electrolysis of mineral rutile dissolved in mixed electrolytes,... 

Chloride Process. A flow diagram for the chloride process is shown in Figure 1. The first stage in the process, carbothermal chlorination of the ore to produce titanium tetrachloride, is carried out in a fluid-bed chlorinator at ca 950°C. If mineral rutile is used as the feedstock, the dominant reaction is chlorination of titanium dioxide. 

The chloride process uses gaseous chlorination of mineral rutile, followed by distillation and finally a vapor phase oxidation of the titanium tetrachloride. By adjusting the oxidation conditions, both the crystal form and the particle size of the pigment can be controlled. A flow diagram for the chloride process is shown in Fig. 7.2 [6]. 

Titanium occurs in the minerals rutile, TiOg, and ilmenite, FeTi03. It forms compounds representing oxidation states - -S, and - -4. Pure titanium... 

The size and distribution of pores and the size, distribution, and identity of minerals in coal specimens from an eastern Kentucky splint coal and the Illinois No. 6 coal seam were determined by means of transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and analytical electron microscopy (AEM). The observed porosity varies with the macerals such that the finest pores (<2-5 nm) are located in vitrinite, with a broad range of coarser porosity (40-500 nm) associated with the macerals exinite and inertinite. Elemental analyses, for elements of atomic number 11 or greater, in conjunction with selected area diffraction (SAD) experiments served to identify the source of the titanium observed in the granular material as the mineral rutile. Only sulfur could be de-tected in the other coal macerals. Dark-field microscopy is introduced as a means for determining the domain size of the coal macerals. This method should prove useful in the determination of the molecular structure of coal. 

Finally, the minerals rutile (Ti02) and millerite (NiS) tentatively have been identified as the mineral species in which at least some fraction of the titanium and nickel resides. Additional elemental analyses revealed that the granular inertinite hosts numerous minerals, typically clays, calcite, gypsum, pyrite, and quartz. Of special significance in these analyses has been the experiment performed on the featureless regions of the exinite and vitrinite, which consistently showed only sulfur as a detectable element (note only elements of atomic number 11, Na, or greater are detectable). However, it should be remembered that microchemical techniques analyze only small volumes of the total specimen. 

Titanium dioxide occurs naturally as the minerals rutile (tetragonal structure), anatase (tetragonal structure), and brookite (orthorhombic structure). 

Titanium oxides. Titanium in soils is present in finely divided crystals of primary minerals such as rutile and anatase (Ti02), sphene (CaTiSiOs), and ilmenite (FeTi03). Titanium minerals are... 

The general formula of crystals with the rutile structure is MX2. The mineral rutile, which names the group, is one of the structures adopted by titanium dioxide, Ti02. [The other common form... 

The mineral rutile occurs in granite rocks and is an important industrial source of Ti02 (see Box 21.3). Figure 5.21 shows the unit ceU of rutile. The coordination numbers of titanium and oxygen are 6 (octahedral) and 3 (trigonal planar) respectively, consistent with the 1 2 stoichiometry of rutile. Two of the ions shown in Figure 5.21 reside fuUy within the unit cell, while the other four are in face-sharing positions. 

Which titanium-containing mineral, rutile (Ti02) or ilmenite (FeTi03), has the larger percentage of titanium ... 

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