Tissue engineering polyethylene glycol

Leach JB, Schmidt CE. Characterization of protein release from photocros-slinkable hyaluronic acid-polyethylene glycol hydrogel tissue engineering scaffolds. Biomaterials 2004 26 125-135. 

Selection of a tissue engineering substrate includes a choice between absorbable and nonabsorbable material, as well as a choice between synthetic and naturally derived materials. The most common synthetic polymers used for fibrous meshes and porous scaffolds include polyesters such as polylactide and polyglycolide and their copolymers, polycaprolactone, and polyethylene glycol. Synthetic polymers have advantages over natural polymers in select instances, such as the following i... 

Leach J B, Bivens K A, Collins C N and Schmidt C E (2004), Development of photocrosslinkahle hyaluronic acid-polyethylene glycol-peptide composite hydrogels for soft tissue engineering , J Biomed Mater Res A, 70, 74-82. 

Svordk V, Makajova Z, Kasalkova N, Kolska Z, Bacakova L (accepted) Plasma-modified and polyethylene glycol-grafted pol)rmers for potential tissue engineering applications. J. Nanosci. Nanotechnol. 

The most widely investigated temperature-responsive biomedical polymer is poly(A-isopropyl acrylamide) (pNIPAM). This polymer is the focus of Chapter 1 in this book, and therefore it will not be discussed in depth here. However, pNIPAM has been paired with polyampholyte copolymers and applied to nanoparticle separations (Das et al., 2008), drug delivery (Bradley, Liu, Keddie, Vincent, Burnett, 2009 Bradley, Vincent, Burnett, 2009), and tissue engineering applications (Xu et al., 2008). In a related system, latridi et al. (2011) also used the LCST-responsive properties of polyethylene glycol methacrylate (PEGMA) copolymerized with methac-rylic acid and 2-(diethylamino) ethyl methacrylate in a temperature- and pH-sensitive doxorubicin drug delivery system. However, the primary focus of this study was to demonstrate the pH-dependent release properties as discussed earlier. 

Therefore, biomimetic derivatives of polyethylene glycol (PEG) are being studied as scaffolds for vascular tissue engineering. PEG-based materials are hydrophilic, biocompatible, and intrinsically resistant to protein adsorption and cell adhesion (Gombotz et al., 1991 Merrill and Salzman, 1983). Thus, PEG essentially provides a blank slate, devoid of biological interactions, upon which the desired biofunctionality can be built. Because aqueous solutions of aciylated PEG can be rapidly photopolymerized in direct contact with cells and tissues (Hill-West et al., 1994 Sawhney et al., 1994), this is an easy method of cell seeding. Furthermore, PEG-based materials can be rendered bioactive by... 

Paxton, J.Z., Donnelly, K., Keatch, R.P. et al. 2009. Engineering the bone-ligament interface using polyethylene glycol diacrylate incorporated with hydroxyapatite. Tissue Eng Part A 15(6) 1201-9. 

Ferretti, M., Marra, K.G., Kobayashi, K., Defail, A.J., Chu, C.R., 2006. Controlled in vivo degradation of genipin crossUnked polyethylene glycol hydrogels within osteochondral defects. Tissue Engineering 12, 2657-2663. 

Mhanna, R., Ozturk, E., Vallmajo-Martin, Q., Millan, C., Muller, M., Zenobi-Wong, M., 2014. GEOGER-modifled MMP-sensitive polyethylene glycol hydrogels induce chondrogenic differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells. Tissue Engineering Part A 20 (7-8), 1165-1174. 

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