Timing decisions

Perhaps the most unusual aspect of the compiler is that it would make compile time decisions about the most likely outcome of a comparison operation and generate code to foUow that most likely path. The compiler would insert compensation code to undo calculations already done if the branch were other than predicted. In addition, it was possible to execute a program and monitor the results of branch decisions. Armed with more accurate information about the likely outcome of conditional branches, the compiler could then generate better code, because its "guesses" would be correct more often. 

Field measurements provide savings in sample handling and analysis time, and they eliminate costly delays when re-sampling is required. In addition, they permit important real-time decisions by the on-scene cleanup coordinator regarding removal of sufficient contaminated soil to effect the desired cleanup while avoiding the removal of low-level contamination beyond that required. 

Jopling, M.W. and Ketcher, N.W. "Real Time Decision-Making Through Use of a Log/Log Plot During a Frac Job," SPE paper 16223, 1987 SPE Production Operations Symposium, Oklahoma City, March 8-10. 

In order to overcome the previous limitations and generate data-independent models, a wide variety of optimization approaches employ a continuous-time representation. In these formulations, timing decisions are explicitly represented as a set of continuous variables defining the exact times at which the events take place. 

In some situations the optimization process must be terminated before the algorithm has reached optimality and the current point must be used or discarded. These cases usually arise in on-line process control in which time limits force timely decisions. In such cases, maintaining feasibility during the optimization process may be a requirement for the optimizer because an intermediate infeasible point makes a solution unusable. 

At the same time, decisions must be made regarding the producers of these materials. For new reference material needs, identified within agencies such as NIST or NRC-Canada, this entails a decision as to whether to produce the material in-house or to sub-contract the work elsewhere. For externally recognized needs, both a supplier (e.g., either one of the recog-... 

An Instrument Control Language (ICL ) gives both power and flexihihty in operating the system. With this operators have complete control to create or customize instrument procedures, and design experiments to exactly meet laboratory needs. TTie instrument can optimize analysis by making real-time decisions during data acquisitions. 

Under pressure from the EPA and others, the manufacturer of pentaBDE voluntarily moved to phase out production at the end of 2004. The EPA believed that it was important both to inform the substitution decisions that would inevitably result from this phase out, and to understand the potential for unintended consequences that could result. Alternatives were identified that could meet fire safety requirements but that did not pose the same level of concern as pentaBDE. This alternative assessment complemented EPA regulatory action, a significant new use rule ( SNUR ), that prevented future manufacture of pentaBDE without prior notification to the EPA, effectively a ban on the chemical. The results from the alternatives assessment were used by foam manufacturers to make real-time decisions on substitutions to alternative flame retardants. 

The use of screening data enables project teams to estimate an environmental condition in a rapid manner and to facilitate real-time decision-making in the field. Screening results usually determine future action at the project site, and that is why screening data, imprecise as they may be, must reliably reflect the true site conditions. Screening data may help formulate important decisions for many types of environmental projects, such as the following ... 

Often, the robotic process takes longer than the manual process however, significant savings and acceleration of the process is realized by overnight or around-the-clock operation. In these cases, the routine operations can be performed by the automated system, leaving the highly trained scientist to perform the more detailed aspects of the analysis that require experience and real-time decisions. Clearly, standard methods provide a necessary step toward the implementation of automated methods via their focus on routine process steps. The automated approach is implemented and validated by careful inspection and observation of performance. 

Data-dependent software programs allow real-time decisions to be made during an analysis. This approach features a preestablished threshold for the detection of a peak during full-scan mass spectrometry and MS/MS scan modes. If a peak of interest is detected in real-time, then the mass spectrometer is switched from full-scan mode to another scan mode to obtain more information from the same analysis. For example, the system may be automatically switched to the production mode during the analysis of a chromatographic peak to obtain substructural information. Thus, more detailed information is obtained in fewer analyses. This powerful... 

Potter PC, Schepers JM, Van Niekerk CH. The effects of fexofenadine on reaction time, decision-making, and driver behavior. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2003 91 177-81. 

Tiller et al. demonstrated an analytical strategy with on-line LC/UV/MS and LC/MS/MS to rapidly obtain structural information for leachables from a drug-delivery device. Similar to proteomics-based applications, the analysis strategy makes use of data-dependent analysis, wherein the mass spectrometer first obtains molecular ions using full-scan techniques, and makes real-time decisions about MS/MS product-ion spectra that must be obtained. In this way, molecular weight and substructural information are both obtained for many components during a single HPLC run. 

Night driving analogue —Target scanning low coffee users high coffee users Reaction time Simple reaction time Choice reaction time —Decision time —Motor time Verbal tests... 

If indices of brain function are associated with prevailing levels of psychometric intelligence one might expect them to become impaired when mental test scores are affected by prevailing blood glucose levels. In the case of reaction time (decision time and movement time) and inspection time indices this occurs, but not for nerve conduction velocity. The Hick reaction time results are now considered in more detail. Forty trials were completed at each of four levels of stimulus uncertainty (1,... 

Controversy surrounds the issue of study perspective. Many researchers assert that society is the only relevant and the most appropriate perspective from which to conduct a pharmacoeconomic analysis. However, in the United States, these studies can be very resource-intensive in terms of time and money. Further, organizations may need to focus solely from their own perspectives to obtain the data necessary to inform timely decision making. 

Data dependent scanning is a MS technique that utilizes algorithms to automatically make real-time decisions to control the acquisition mode of the mass spectrometer. The data system executes the next scan type based on previously collected data. -Eor example, an ESI mass spectrometer can be programmed to implement the following experiment. 

Alternatively, flow analysers can be operated in an active manner, and each sample is handled under specific conditions. To this end, real-time modifications of the sample handling conditions according to a concentration-oriented feedback mechanism are achieved. As a rule, a prior assay is carried out and the analytical result is used to feed the software with information for real-time decisions. The need for in-line modification of the degree of sample dilution, sample replacement, activation of... 

Other approaches that rely on real-time decisions to widen the dynamic range include ... 

Pre-Qsar" Series Development. Potency (Log 1/c) values for the first nineteen pyranenamlnes to be synthesized and tested In the PCA assay, prior to the use of QSAR In this series, appear In part A of Table I. The majority of these derivatives were synthesized in response to a newly proposed (at that time) decision model, the Topllss operation scheme or "tree .Q). Based on the observation that physlcochemlcally-based substituent constants are an aspect of the Hansch approach which is easier for synthetically oriented chemists to assimilate than is regression analysis, Topllss proposed specific sequences of substituted derivatives to be synthesized, with the next choice at each sequential step being governed by whether the preceding compound displayed either Increased, decreased, or unaltered potency. Retrospective studies... 

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