Pharmacoeconomic analysis

Quenzer RW, Pettit KG, Arnold RJ, Kaniecki DJ. Pharmacoeconomic analysis of selected antibiotics in lower respiratory tract infection. Am J Manag Care 1997 3 1027-36. 

Lipsy, R. (1992), Institutional formularies the relevance of pharmacoeconomic analysis to formulary decisions , PharmacoEconomics, 1, 265-81. 

Oh, K.T., Anis, A.H., and Bae, S.C. (2004) Pharmacoeconomic analysis of thiopurine methyltransferase polymorphism screening by polymerase chain reaction for treatment with azathioprine in Korea. Rheumatology (Oxford). 43,156-163. 

Cagnoni PJ, Walsh TJ, Prendergast MM, et al. Pharmacoeconomic analysis of liposomal amphotericin B versus conventional amphotericin B in theempirical treatment of persistently febrile neutropenic patients. J Clin Oncol 2000 18 2476-83. 

Tavadia SM, Mydlarski PR, Reis MD, Mittmann N, Pinkerton PH, Shear N, et al. Screening for azathio-prine toxicity a pharmacoeconomic analysis based on a target case. J Am Acad Dermatol 2000 42 628-32. 

Freund DA, Dittus RS. 1992. Principles of pharmacoeconomics analysis of drug therapy. PharmacoEco-nomics 1 20-32. 

Jolicoeur LM, Jones-Grizzle AJ, Boyer JG. 1992. Guidelines for performing a pharmacoeconomic analysis. Am. J. Hosp. Pharm. 49 1741-1747. 

Nowadays a drug company has not only to show its paymasters - governments, insurers and so on - that its new prodnct is safe and works, but also that it is cost-effective. In Anstralia, this has been spelled out in legislation. Since 1993, any drng submitted for approval must be accompanied not only by the resnlts of clinical trials bnt also by an economic impact analysis. In 1999, the United Kingdom set np a National Institnte for Clinical Excellence (NICE) to advise the National Health Service on the cost-effectiveness of health care technologies. Other countries ask formally or informally for pharmacoeconomic analysis. Economic impacts can be measured in a variety of ways, for example, cost-effectiveness, cost-utility or full cost-benefit stndies. 

Pharmacoeconomic analysis must be based on comparisons with existing treatments. It must cover not only the spending on the drug but possible savings on other medical services, for example, cost of a period in hospital or of providing social services for an elderly patient at home. 

Controversy surrounds the issue of study perspective. Many researchers assert that society is the only relevant and the most appropriate perspective from which to conduct a pharmacoeconomic analysis. However, in the United States, these studies can be very resource-intensive in terms of time and money. Further, organizations may need to focus solely from their own perspectives to obtain the data necessary to inform timely decision making. 

Nesbit TW, Shermock KM, Bobek MB, et al. Implementation and pharmacoeconomic analysis of a clinical staff pharmacist practice model. Am J Health Syst Pharm 2001 58 784-790. 

A recent pharmacoeconomic analysis to examine the clinical benefits and cost-effectiveness of newer treatments for chronic HCV infection evaluated the incremental cost-effectiveness of using peginterferon-a2b plus ribavirin compared to IFN-a2b plus ribavirin, and monotherapy regimens of both interferons. The incremental cost per quality-adjusted fife year (QALY) saved for combination therapy with peginterferon-a2b compared to standard therapy was 36,000 and 55,000 for men and women with HCV genotype 1, respectively. A QALY is defined as a patient s desire for a year of fife at... 

Cantor SB, Elting LS, Hudson DV, et al. Pharmacoeconomic analysis of oprelvekin (recombinant human interleukin-11) for secondary prophylaxis of thrombocytopenia in solid tumor patients receiving chemotherapy. Cancer 2003 97 3099-3106. 

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