Thyroid syndrome

Specific thyroid syndromes involving the hypothalamus in man have not been established as yet, but such syndromes will undoubtedly be described in the future. 

Patients are sometimes seen who are taking excessive amounts of f-thy-roxine either as thyrotoxicosis factitia (self-administered) or thyrotoxicosis medicamentosa. These should prove to be no diagnostic problem, as their tests should fall into the category of blocked thyroid syndrome, and thyroid uptake will be negligible with very high levels of thyroid hormones in the serum, particularly of total T4. 

Chapman was one of the first to describe the interrelatedness of the "neuroendocrine-immune" systems with the introduction of the concept of the "pelvic-thyroid" syndrome. Years later, Arbuckle included the term "adrenal," coining the term "pelvic-thyroid-adrenal syndrome" (PTAS). To Chapman and Owens, the thyroid was the master gland of immunity. As... 

Mast cell or basophil leukemia Carcinoid syndrome Thyroid carcinoma Pheochromocytoma... 

L. J. Holtermuller, K. H. Arnaud, C. D. "Relations of Calcitonin and Gastrin in the Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome and Medullary Carcinoma of the Thyroid". N. Engl. J. Med. 

Langton JE, Brent GA. Nonthyroidal illness syndrome Evaluation of thyroid function in sick patients. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 2002 31 159-172. 

ACTH-secreting non-pituitary tumors (ectopic ACTH syndrome)—15% of cases of endogenous Cushing s syndrome usually from small cell lung carcinoma, bronchial carcinoids, pheochromocytoma, or thymus, pancreatic, ovarian, or thyroid tumor. The tumor is usually disseminated (difficult to localize). 

D23. Docter, R., Krenning, E. P., de Jong, M., and Hennemann, G., The sick euthyroid syndrome Changes in thyroid hormone serum parameters and hormone metabolism. Clin. Endocrinol. 39, 499-518 (1993). 

Ectopic ACTH syndrome refers to excessive ACTH production resulting from an endocrine or nonendocrine tumor, usually of the pancreas, thyroid, or lung (e.g., small-cell lung cancer). 

Thyroid disorders encompass a variety of disease states affecting thyroid hormone production or secretion that result in alterations in metabolic stability. Hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism are the clinical and biochemical syndromes resulting from increased and decreased thyroid hormone production, respectively. 

Radioimmunotherapy is generally well tolerated. Toxicities include infusion-related reactions, myelosuppression, and possibly myelodysplastic syndrome or AML. 131I-tositumomab can cause thyroid dysfunction. 

A recent report by the National Institutes of Health estimated that at 14 to 22 million people in the United States are affected by an autoimmune disease.1 As a group, these diseases represent a leading cause of death among women under age 65, with systemic lupus erythematosus, multiple sclerosis, and type 1 diabetes being the major sources of this impact on mortality.2 The autoimmune thyroid diseases, type 1 diabetes and rheumatoid arthritis are the most common of the autoimmune diseases (Table 25.1).3-5 Most autoimmune diseases disproportionately affect women. In the thyroid diseases, primary biliary cirrhosis, scleroderma, systemic lupus erythematosus, and Sjogren s syndrome, more than 85% of patients are female, but it is not known why the female predominance is so high in these specific diseases. 

Down Syndrome People with Down syndrome have 3 chromosomes, a trisomy, of chromosome 21. The result is lower cognitive ability and physical stature. The disorder also causes affected people to have a higher incidence of heart, intestinal, and thyroid problems. 

Turner s Syndrome Instead of the XX female sex chromosome, female sufferers have only one X chromosome. Most fetuses do not survive. Those born are infertile and carry congenital defects in heart, kidney, and thyroid. 

Several inherited cancer syndromes are also known to result from mutations in proto-oncogenes. An example is given by the RET proto-oncogene. Depending on the type of mutation and on which part of the gene is affected, RET mutations can lead to multiple endocrine neoplasia 2A or 2B or familial medullary thyroid carcinoma. These familial cancers are inherited in autosomal dominant fashion. A second example is the CDK4 proto-oncogene, which when mutated can cause familial melanoma. 

G, alpha Insertions/dele- syndrome fibrous dysplasia of bone cafe-au-lait skin lesions sexual precocity pituitary, thyroid, or adrenal tumors Albright s hereditary with constitutive cAMP production Inactivating G a (86-89)... 

Camarasa and Serra-Baldrich [94] reported allergic contact dermatitis after repeated contact with TPP-treated plastics. Meeker and Stapleton [95] indicated endocrine disruptive properties for TPP and TDCiPP, through a negative correlation with semen quality and thyroid hormone levels, respectively. Kanazawa et al. [71] associated mucosal symptoms of the sick building syndrome with high indoor exposure to TBP. These symptoms include irritation to the eyes, nose, and throat symptoms such as flushing, and mucosal symptoms such as irritation to the eyes, nose, and throat the latter symptoms were strongly associated with TBP levels in air and dust. 

Kopp P, Pesce L, Sohs-S JC (2008) Pendred syndrome and iodide transport in the thyroid. Trends Endocrinol Metab 19 260-268... 

Toxicology. Disulfiram affects the central nervous system, thyroid, and skin in combination with alcohol it causes an Antabuse-alcohol syndrome. 

Autoimmune polyglandular syndrome-Chron c autoimmune thyroiditis may occur in association with other autoimmune disorders. Treat patients with concomitant adrenal insufficiency with replacement glucocorticoids prior to initiation of treatment. Failure to do so may precipitate an acute adrenal crisis when thyroid hormone therapy is initiated. Patients with diabetes mellitus may require upward adjustments of their antidiabetic therapeutic regimens. Nontoxic diffuse goiter or nodular thyroid disease Use caution when administering levothyroxine to patients with nontoxic diffuse goiter or nodular thyroid disease in order to prevent precipitation of thyrotoxicosis. If the serum TSH is already suppressed, do not administer levothyroxine. 

Misceiianeous Brown-black microscopic discoloration of thyroid glands (prolonged therapy), decreased hearing, fever, lupus-like syndrome, secretion discoloration, serum sickness-like syndrome, tinnitus, tooth discoloration, vulvovaginitis. 

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