Thoracic glands

Male Euglossa imperialis and Eulaema meriana perch on tree trunks in their territories and display in such a manner that release of a sex attractant pheromone from the tibiae is likely (Kimsey, 1980). Although the chemicals from orchids that attract male euglossine bees have been characterized, the chemical structure of the pheromone released by the males has not been determined, nor, indeed, has its presence been proven. This is a crucial missing link in the orchid bee story. 

The last tarsomere in all legs of both sexes and all castes of Apis, Bombus, Trigona and Melipona contains a large gland, called the tarsal or Arnhart s gland (Cruz Landim and Staurengo, 1965). The tarsal gland is a secretory cell-lined sac that fills most of the tarsomere and empties via the arolium of the pretarsus. 

In honey bees the tarsal gland produces an oily exudate, the footprint pheromone , that is deposited wherever a bee walks. Queens produce 13 times more 

Although males of some species of Centris mark territories with chemicals released by the mandibular glands (Vinson et al., 1982), males of those species with enlarged hind legs use secretions applied to substrates with the hind legs. These femoral/tibial secretions contain a homologous series of ketones with pentadecanone dominating, acetates and ethyl myristate (Williams et al., 1982). 

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Elofsson R. and Lofqvist J. (1974) The Eltringham organ and a new thoracic gland ultrastructure and presumed pheromone function (Insecta, Myrmeleonidae). Zool. Scripta 3, 31 10. 

The endocrine organs of insects are of two types neurosecretory cells within the nervous system and specialized endocrine glands, such as the corpora allata, the corpora cardiaca, and the pro thoracic glands. Corpora cardiaca are a pair of organs closely associated with the main vessel (aorta). Corpora allata and the pro thoracic glands are more diffuse glandular bodies. 

The main types of insect-specific hormone are a-ecdysone, from the pro-thoracic glands, which causes moulting the brain hormone that stimulates the pro thoracic glands and the juvenile hormone, in the corpora allata, which causes metamorphosis. Further, the corpus cardiacum releases a hormone that increases the amplitude of the muscles of heart and gut, and also an adipo-kinetic hormone which regulates the use of lipids as a source of energy in flight (Stone etal., 1976). 

Synthesized in the pro thoracic glands of the water beetle Cyhister limhatus and Cyhister tripunctatus feeding deterrents... 

The first studies in this direction, which were started by Clever (1961), led to some very interesting results. Clever carried out experiments to study the effect of the hormone ecdysone, responsible in insects for induction of the metamorphosis from larva to pupa (a hormone of steroid type) on the pattern and activity of puffs. This hormone is produced by the pro thoracic gland. 

Because of early dissemination, staging of patients with small-cell lung cancer is more extensive than for patients with NSCLC. It is important to rule out distant metastasis because it will change the role of thoracic radiation in the treatment of these patients. Staging should include a complete history and physical examination, CAT scans of chest and upper abdomen to include the liver and adrenal glands, brain MRI scan, bone scan, complete blood count, and a possible bone marrow aspiration and biopsy. 

A more intricate sex pheromone gland is found in the male antiion (Myrmeleontidae). In this insect, the Eltringham s organ, which forms a thoracic... 

Multiple sclerosis Preganglionic Spinal birth injury Tuberculosis Pancoast tumor Aortic aneurysm Enlarged mediastinal glands Enlargement of thyroid Lymphadenopathy Thoracic neuroblastoma Pulmonary mucormycosis Trauma... 

The trachea passes from the larynx to the level of the fourth thoracic vertebra, where it divides into the two main bronchi that enter the right and left lungs. The anterior and lateral walls of the trachea and main bronchi are composed of about 20 C-shaped plates of cartilage, which are joined together by a posterior wall composed of bundles of interlacing smooth-muscle fibers, epithelial cells, mucus glands, and elastic fibers. A schematic diagram of the trachea and main bronchi is presented in Fig. 2. Just after the tracheal... 

Fig. 7. Effects of josamycin (JM) and roxithromycin (RXM) at concentrations of 10 lM on isolated Cl currents in acinar cells of guinea pig nasal gland. After eliciting a control response to acetylcholine (ACh, 0.1 lM), the cells were exposed to each macrolide. The pipette solution was Na-gluconate and the external solution was NaCl without K. A distinct Cl current was isolated when the membrane potential was clamped at 0 mV. (Reprinted from Ikeda et al. [52] with permission from AJRCCM, official journal of the American Thoracic Society. American Lung Association.)...

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