Thiocarbonyl ylides reactions

When thiocarbonyl derivatives are treated with an excess of electrophilic carbene complex, alkenes are usually obtained [1333-1336], The reaction is believed to proceed by the mechanism sketched in Figure 4.18, closely related to the thiocarbonyl olefination reaction developed by Eschenmoser [1337], Few examples have been reported in which stable thiiranes could be isolated [1338], The intermediate thiocarbonyl ylides can also undergo reactions similar to those of carhonyl ylides, e.g. 1,3-dipolar cycloadditions or 1,3-oxathiole formation [1338], Illustrative examples of these reactions are given in Table 4.22. 

When planning reactions of thiocarbonyl compounds with electrophilic carbene complexes it should be taken into aceount that thiocarbonyl compounds can undergo uncatalyzed 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition with acceptor-substituted diazomethanes to yield 1,3,4-thiadiazoles. These can either be stable or eliminate nitrogen to yield thiiranes or other products similar to those resulting from thiocarbonyl ylides [1338]. 

Triphenylthieno[3,4-c]pyrazole (414) can be presented as a hybrid of dipolar-contributing azomethine imine ylide (415) or thiocarbonyl ylide canonical forms 416. Upon reacting this ylide with electron-poor olefins, it behaved like a thiocarbonyl ylide. Thus, with maleimide, a mixture of endo (419) and exo adducts (420) were obtained (74JA4276), which resulted from addition at the thiocarbonyl moiety. The reaction of 414 with dimethyl acetylenedicarboxylate gives the desulfurized indazole 418 in addition to the adduct 417 (Scheme 41). 

Historically, the first reactions involving thiocarbonyl ylides involve the preparation of thiiranes and 1,3-dithiolanes from diazomethane and thiocarbonyl compounds reported early in the last century by Staudinger and co-workers (12,13). Similar reactions have been smdied by Schonberg and co-workers (14—16) during the 1960s, but neither was the reaction mechanism understood nor have thiocarbonyl ylides been recognized as key intermediates. [For some remarks to this subject see (8) and (10) in (17).]... 

In the middle of the 1950s, Knott reported the synthesis of dyesmffs based on benzothiazole derivatives. Alkylation of Al-methylbenzo-l,3-thiazole-2-thione with a-bromoacetophenone and deprotonation of the resulting thiocarbonylium salt 5 yielded, after spontaneous desulfurization of the intermediate thiirane (7), the alkylidene derivative 8 (18) (Scheme 5.1). In order to rationalize the reaction, thiocarbonyl ylide 6 was proposed as the precursor of thiirane 7. To the best of our... 

Some years later, the first stable thiocarbonyl ylides 9 and 10 were prepared by the reaction of thiourea with cyano-substituted oxiranes (19,20) or by addition of Rh-di(tosyl)carbenoid to benzo-l,2-dithiole-3-thione (21), respectively. Enhanced stability and the low reactivity of 9 and 10, which enables their isolation in crystalline form, results from the push-pull substitution at the two termini [cf. also (22)]. Another class of stable thiocarbonyl ylides that are also able to afford [3 + 2]-cycloaddition products are the mesoionic 1,3-dithiole-4-ones of type 11 (23,24). 

Over the past two decades, important contributions to the chemistry of thiocarbonyl ylides were made by Huisgen et al. (27). By carrying out the reaction of thiobenzophenone with diazomethane at low temperature, formation of 2,5-dihydro-l,3,4-thiadiazole (15) with subsequent elimination of N2 was established as the route to the reactive thiobenzophenone (S)-methylide (16) (17,28). In the absence of intercepting reagents, 16 undergoes electrocyclization to give 17 or head-to-head dimerization to yield 1,4-dithiane 18 (Scheme 5.3). 

Starting with diarylthioketones and (trimethylsilyl)methyl triflate, thiocarbonyl ylides of type Id are easily accessible (54). The key intermediate in this reaction is believed to be an ion pair of type 28. 

Another approach to thiocarbonyl ylides involves the 1,3-elimination of HCl from cx-chlorothioethers of type 30, which are prepared by the reaction of ot-chlorosulfenyl chlorides with carbanions bearing electron-withdrawing groups. Subsequent treatment with fert-butanolate leads to 31 (55) (Scheme 5.10). 

Mesoionic 1,3-thiazole -ones of type 34 are known as thioisomiinchnones. As one of the mesomeric structures demonstrates, these species contain the structural fragment characteristic of thiocarbonyl ylides (61). A convenient access to thioisomiinclinones involves the reaction of A(-arylthiobenzamides with a-bromo-phenylacetyl chloride (62). 

Whereas the thermal ring-opening reaction of oxrranes and aziridines is frequently used for generation of carbonyl ylides and azomethine ylides, the analogous procedure starting with thiiranes does not produce the expected thiocarbonyl ylides (8). However, in the case of tetraaryl-substituted thiiranes, the photolytically mediated reaction with tetracyanoethylene (TCNE) is believed to occur via a single electron transfer (SET) mechanism, also involving a thiocarbonyl ylide as a likely intermediate (75,76) (Scheme 5.14). 

Like other 1,3-dipolar species, thiocarbonyl ylides are able to enter intramolecular as well as intermolecular cycloaddition reactions. In this chapter, selected examples of both types will be illustrated. 

As is the case with other 1,3-dipoles, thiocarbonyl ylides undergo [3 + 2]-cycloaddition reactions producing five-membered sulfur heterocycles [cf. (8)]. These ylides belong to the class of electron-rich 1,3-dipoles (89) and, according... 

Acidic compounds of type R—XH, which are able to protonate thiocarbonyl ylides, also undergo 1,3-addition leading to products of S,S-, S,0-, or 5,A-acetal type (Scheme 5.20). Thiophenols and thiols add smoothly to thiocarbonyl ylides generated from 2,5-dihydro-l,3,4-thiadiazoles (36,38,86,98,99). Thiocamphor, which exists in solution in equilibrium with its enethiol form, undergoes a similar reaction with adamantanethione (5)-methylide (52) to give dithioacetal 53 (40) (Scheme 5.21). Formation of analogous products was observed with some thiocarbonyl functionalized NH-heterocycles (100). 

Phenols and alcohols also react with substituted thiocarbonyl ylides, although for the reaction with alcohols, acid catalysis is usually recommended (36,38,41,99). Some NH-azoles are sufficiently acidic to give 1,3-adducts without the addition of a... 

Numerous examples involving the preparation of tetrahydrothiophenes via [3 + 2] cycloaddition of thiocarbonyl ylides with electron-poor alkenes have been reported. Thiobenzophenone (5)-methylide (16), generated from 2,5-dihydro-1,3,4-thiadiazole (15) and analogous compounds, react with maleic anhydride, N-substituted maleic imide, maleates, fumarates, and fumaronitrile at —45°C (28,91,93,98,128,129). Similar reactions with adamantanethione (5)-methylide (52) and 2,2,4,4-tetramethyl-3-thioxocyclobutanone (5)-methylide (69) occur at ca. +45°C and, generally, the products of type 70 were obtained in high yield (36,94,97,130) (Scheme 5.25). Reaction with ( )- and (Z)-configured dipolaro-philes stereospecifically afford trans and cis configured adducts. 

Nonactivated alkenes do not undergo reactions with thiocarbonyl ylides. However, the strained ( )-cyclooctene reacts easily with 16, 52, and 69 to yield the corresponding trans-fused tetrahydrothiophenes (94). 

The reaction of the sterically crowded thiocarbonyl ylide 69 with highly electron-deficient alkenes such as 2,3-dicyano fumarate and maleate, tetracya-noethene, a-cyano cinnamates, and l,2-bis(trifluoromethyl)ethene-l,2-dicarboni-trile occurred in a nonstereospecific manner (27,89,96,97,136-138). The formation of a mixture of cis/trans tetrahydrothiophenes of type 82 is the result of a stepwise reaction involving zwitterionic intermediates of type 81 (Scheme 5.29). Ylide 69 fulfills the fundamental requirements for a two-step reaction with electron-deficient alkenes. This species corresponds to an electron-rich 1,3-dipole that also contains a bulky substituent at one terminus (89). 

An intramolecular cycloaddition reaction was also used in the synthesis of the annelated tetrahydrothiophene (97), starting from l,3-oxathiolan-5-one (96) (131) (Scheme 5.36). Thiocarbonyl ylide formation occurred by thermal extrusion of CO2 at 250 °C, yielding 97 in 62% yield. 

The reaction of thiocarbonyl ylides with propiolates affords a mixture of regioisomeric cycloadducts. Thus, 2,5-dihydrothiophenes obtained from the reaction of adamantanethione (5)-methylide (52) and methyl propiolate were produced in a 1 1 ratio (95). In the case of ylide 69, the ratio was 1 2 in favor of the sterically less hindered isomer (160). 

Based on a series of kinetic studies, Huisgen et al. (91-93) established that thiocarbonyl compounds, especially aromatic thioketones, function as very active dipolarophiles (superdipolarophiles) toward thiocarbonyl ylides. In fact, the trapping reaction of thiocarbonyl ylides with thiocarbonyl compounds represents an excellent method for the preparation of 1,3-dithiolanes. 

For preparative purposes, the reaction of thiocarbonyl ylides with carbonyl compounds can be considered as an alternative method for the synthesis of 1,3-oxathiolanes. Aromatic aldehydes, chloral, glyoxalates, mesoxalates, pyruvates as well as their 3,3,3-trifluoro analogues are good intercepting reagents for thioketone (5)-methylides (36,111,130,163). All of these [3 + 2] cycloadditions occur in a regioselective manner to produce products of type 123 and 124. 

Other examples of functionalized thiocarbonyl ylides that have been generated by the desilylation method are those bearing an imino group (49) (see Scheme 5.7). These ylides readily undergo [3 + 2] cycloaddition with aromatic aldehydes to afford l,3-thioxolane-2-imines of type 24 (X = RiN). The reaction with ketones is sluggish, however, and the cycloadducts are obtained in very low yield. 

Reactions of thiocarbonyl ylides with nitriles are scarce. Simple nitriles do not undergo bimolecular cycloaddition (171). There is, however, a single example of an intramolecular case that was reported by Potts and Dery (24c,62). By analogy to the intramolecular cycloaddition with acetylenic dipolarophiles (Scheme 5.40), the primary product derived from the reaction of a thiocarbonyl ylide with a nitrile group undergoes a subsequent elimination of phenylisocyanate to give the fused 1,3-thiazole (131). 

The following types of dipolarophiles have been used successfully to synthesize five-membered heterocycles containing three heteroatoms by [3 + 2]-cycloaddition of thiocarbonyl ylides azo compounds, nitroso compounds, sulfur dioxide, and Al-sulfiny-lamines. As was reported by Huisgen and co-workers (91), azodicarboxylates were noted to be superior dipolarophiles in reactions with thiocarbonyl ylides. Differently substituted l,3,4-thiadiazolidine-3,4-dicarboxylates of type 132 have been prepared using aromatic and aliphatic thioketone (5)-methylides (172). Bicyclic products (133) were also obtained using A-phenyl l,2,4-triazoline-3,5-dione (173,174). 

Nitroso compounds are seldom used as dipolarophiles for trapping reactions with thiocarbonyl ylides. However, Sheradsky and Itzhak (175) did report one example where nitrosobenzene reacts with a thioisomiinchnone to give 134 as the major product. 

A-Sulfinylamines (R—N=S=0) are known to function as reactive dienophiles and dipolarophiles, and some examples of [3 + 2] cycloaddition with thiocarbonyl ylides have been reported (176). For example, the reaction of thiobenzophenone (5)-methylide (16) with both A-phenyl and N-tosylsulfinylamines occurs regiose-lectively to give 1,3,4-dithiazolidine 3-oxides (135). In the case of thiocarbonyl ylide 69, reaction with N-phenyl sulfinylamine selectively afforded the analogous product 136 (R = Ph). However, the corresponding reaction with Al-tosyl sulfinylamine resulted in a mixture of the N,S-adduct (136) (R =Tos) and the 0,S-adduct 137. Formation of a mixture of products is compatible with a stepwise reaction via a zwitterionic intermediate. 

Ueno and Okawara (184) were the first to explicitly formulate a conjugated thiocarbonyl ylide as an intermediate in the reaction of l,3-dithiolane-2-thione with 4-bromophenacyl bromide. The initially formed thiocarbonyl ylide undergoes deprotonation with sodium hydride to give 2-(4-bromophenyl)-l-oxa-4,6,9-trithias-piro[4.4]non-2-ene. 1,3-Diacylated thiocarbonyl ylides of type 149 (Scheme 5.45) have also been proposed as intermediates in the reaction of 1,3-diphenylpropane-1,3-dione with thionyl chloride. This reaction leads to 2,2,4-tribenzoyl-5-phenyl-... 

Cyclization of a thiocarbonyl ylide with the C=C-bond of an aromatic ring was observed in the reaction of aryl biphenyl-2-yl ketones with di(tosyl)diazomethane in the presence of Rh2(OAc)4 (189). In the case where the aryl ring contains a 4-methoxy group, benzo[c]thiophene (164) was the only product formed. In contrast, when the aryl ring consists of a 2,4,6-trimethylphenyl group, compounds 165 and 166 were produced. It would seem that after 1,5-dipolar electrocyclization of the intermediate thiocarbonyl ylide occurs, aromatization then takes place by elimination of toluenesulfinic acid or methyl toluenesulfinate. 

In some reactions with thiocarbonyl ylides, 1,3-thiazine derivatives are formed by a series of consecutive reactions. For example, the interception of 3-thioxocy-clobutanone (5)-methylide (69) with thiobenzamide results in the formation of the bicyclic 1,3-thiazine (176) (100a) (Scheme 5.50). A conceivable intermediate is the 1,3-adduct 175 as shown in Scheme 5.50. 

Treatment of 4,4-dimethyl-2-phenyl-l,3-thiazole-5(4//)-thione with ethyl diazoacetate gives, among other products, ethyl 1,3-thiazine carboxylate (179) (99). The formation of 179 has been rationalized by an acid-catalyzed addition of ethyl diazoacetate to the thiocarbonyl ylide 177 to first give intermediate 178, which undergoes a subsequent ring enlargement reaction via a Tiffeneau-Demjanov rearrangement. 

Karlsson and Hogberg (291,292) applied the thiocarbonyl ylide 175 in a diastereoselective 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition with 165. The thiocarbonyl yhde was generated in situ by an elimination reaction. The reaction with 165 gave 176 (R = Bu, BnO, Ph) with selectivities of up to 64—80% de. Furthermore, the cycloaddition of a chiral galactose-derived nitrile imine with 165 has been reported (104). 

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