Thinning methods

The number of blossoms can already be reduced when pruning the tree, by heavier pruning of the older spurs. So as not to stimulate growth urmecessarily, however, the tree should not be pruned too severely. There are several different ways of performing the thinning operation in organic fruit production  

Advantages of hand thinning Disadvantages of hand thinning 

Recently, organic fruit growers have started to combine mechanical and hand thinning when there is heavy flowering  

The following points need to be borne in mind in the hand thinning of pome fruit  

HOW SHOULD HAND THINNING BE CARRIED OUT The table below shows how much a tree must bear in order to achieve the desired yields at different planting densities. Crop yields from 20 to 50 t/ha were assumed. The individual grower can substitute his own figures if he expects higher yields. 

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Basak, S. C., Natarajan, R., Mills, D., Hawkins, D. M., Kraker, J. J. Quantitative structure-activity relationship modeling of juvenile hormone mimetic compounds for Culex pipiens Larvae—with discussion of descriptor thinning methods. J. Chem. Inf. Model. 2006, 46, 65-77. 

In figure 11, the residual stress distribution in the "NCN part obtained from the analysis is plotted against the experimental results from the electrochemical thinning method. The agreement between the results is highly satisfactory and validates the visco-elasto-plastic approach taken in the FE-analysis as well as the values of the input data. 

The characteristic properties of an emulsion are dictated by the external phase. If water is the external phase (O/w), the emulsion may be diluted with water and not with oil or organic solvents. Just the opposite is the case with a w/o emulsion, where the oil is the external phase, and it can be thinned with organic solvents. Should water be added to this type of emulsion, the viscosity will increase. This is one way of visually distinguishing between the two types. The thinning method, using water, will indicate an oil-in-water emulsion if the viscosity is reduced. If viscosity is increased, it would indicate a water-in-oil emulsion. 

Polyesters, such as PET are now widely used in the manufacture of fibers for textiles and other applications. While PET has many desirable properties that make it suitable for manufacturing fibers, there is a continuing need for polyester fibers that have improved properties, or properties that are different from PET, thereby opening new uses for polyester fibers. For example, PEN has found applications in high performance sailcloth materials or in industrial filtration applications. Micro fibers can be obtained from fibers using a laser thinning method. ... 

A. Suzuki and M. Tojyo. Poly(ethylene-2,6-naphthalate) microflber prepared by carbon dioxide laser-thinning method. Fur. Polym. J., 43(7) 2922-2927, July 2007. 

Although the measurement of the local impedance by the successive thinning of a specimen is a convenient tool for analyzing the spatially-uneven grain-boundary characteristics, there are some restrictions. Because the data is in a cumulative form, unless the variation in the value is very large and monotonous, it is not easy to observe the presence of spatial variation. Therefore, instead of an indirect thinning method, a straightforward measurement of the local impedance is desirable when one wishes to characterize the spatial variation of the electrical properties with precision. 

Sample preparation is often the most time-consuming aspect of transmission electron microscopy. It is relatively straightforward if the sample is a homogeneous metal or alloy and if a thin foil can be produced from any part of it. Problems arise if areas near to the surface or to a boundary between two dissimilar materials are required to be analyzed. Normally a thin section of material 1 mm in diameter is produced mechanically, which is then polished to the minimum practical thickness before being finally thinned to electron transparency. The final stage is carried out using either electrolytic or ion-thinning methods. When... 

A bitumen sample is oxidized at high temperature under well defined conditions and its physical characteristics are measured before and after this artificiai ageing process. The method is defined in France as AFNOR T 66-032 and in the USA by ASTM D 2872 (Rolling Thin-Film Oven Test). 

This paper compares experimental data for aluminium and steel specimens with two methods of solving the forward problem in the thin-skin regime. The first approach is a 3D Finite Element / Boundary Integral Element method (TRIFOU) developed by EDF/RD Division (France). The second approach is specialised for the treatment of surface cracks in the thin-skin regime developed by the University of Surrey (England). In the thin-skin regime, the electromagnetic skin-depth is small compared with the depth of the crack. Such conditions are common in tests on steels and sometimes on aluminium. 

The results obtained with the two methods confirm the measured data with a good precision, with less computational time for the specialised code than the general code. This validation on three representative test bloeks can lead to many applications of modelling of the thin-skin regime. 

Another important application area is the non-destructive defectoscopy of electronic components. Fig.2a shows an X-ray shadow image of a SMC LED. The 3-dimensional displacement of internal parts can only be visualized non-destructively in the tomographic reconstmction. Reconstructed cross sections through this LED are shown in Fig.2b. In the same way most electronic components in plastic and thin metal cases can be visualized. Even small electronic assemblies like hybrid ICs, magnetic heads, microphones, ABS-sensors can be tested by microtomograpical methods. 

The Institute has many-year experience of investigations and developments in the field of NDT. These are, mainly, developments which allowed creation of a series of eddy current flaw detectors for various applications. The Institute has traditionally studied the physico-mechanical properties of materials, their stressed-strained state, fracture mechanics and developed on this basis the procedures and instruments which measure the properties and predict the behaviour of materials. Quite important are also developments of technologies and equipment for control of thickness and adhesion of thin protective coatings on various bases, corrosion control of underground pipelines by indirect method, acoustic emission control of hydrogen and corrosion cracking in structural materials, etc. 

Several convenient ways to measure surface tension involve the detachment of a solid from the liquid surface. These include the measurement of the weight in a drop falling from a capillary and the force to detach a ring, wire, or thin plate from the surface of a liquid. In this section we briefly describe these methods and their use. 

The most widely used experimental method for determining surface excess quantities at the liquid-vapor interface makes use of radioactive tracers. The solute to be studied is labeled with a radioisotope that emits weak beta radiation, such as H, C, or One places a detector close to the surface of the solution and measures the intensity of beta radiation. Since the penetration range of such beta emitters is small (a ut 30 mg/cm for C, with most of the adsorption occurring in the first two-tenths of the range), the measured radioactivity corresponds to the surface region plus only a thin layer of solution (about 0.06 mm for C and even less for H). 

The traditional, essentially phenomenological modeling of boundary lubrication should retain its value. It seems clear, however, that newer results such as those discussed here will lead to spectacular modification of explanations at the molecular level. Note, incidentally, that the tenor of recent results was anticipated in much earlier work using the blow-off method for estimating the viscosity of thin films [68]. 

Thin oxide films may be prepared by substrate oxidation or by vapour deposition onto a suitable substrate. An example of the fomrer method is the preparation of silicon oxide thin-films by oxidation of a silicon wafer. In general, however, the thickness and stoichiometry of a film prepared by this method are difficult to control. 

The technological importance of thin films in snch areas as semicondnctor devices and sensors has led to a demand for mechanical property infonnation for these systems. Measuring the elastic modnlns for thin films is mnch harder than the corresponding measurement for bnlk samples, since the results obtained by traditional indentation methods are strongly perturbed by the properties of the substrate material. Additionally, the behaviour of the film under conditions of low load, which is necessary for the measnrement of thin-film properties, is strongly inflnenced by surface forces [75]. Since the force microscope is both sensitive to surface forces and has extremely high depth resolntion, it shows considerable promise as a teclnhqne for the mechanical characterization of thin films. 

Instead of an absorbing dye layer between the mica. Levins et al [57] used thin metallic films and developed a method for FECO analysis using an extended spectral range. 

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