Thermometer correction stem

At some time during the laboratory period, the barometer should be read. The ambient temperatnre should be recorded for the purpose of making thermometer stem corrections if these are necessary see pp. 563. 

Measurement of a thermometer stem correction during distillation. 

The comparatively inexpensive long-scale thermometer, widely used by students, is usually calibrated for complete immersion of the mercury column in the vapour or liquid. As generally employed for boiling point or melting point determinations, the entire column is neither surrounded by the vapour nor completely immersed in the liquid. The part of the mercury column exposed to the cooler air of the laboratory is obviously not expanded as much as the bulk of the mercury and hence the reading will be lower than the true temperature. The error thus introduced is not appreciable up to about 100°, but it may amount to 3-5° at 200° and 6-10° at 250°. The error due to the column of mercury exposed above the heating bath can be corrected by adding a stem correction, calculated by the formula ... 

The stem correction may be avoided by employing a thermometer with a short scale (sometimes termed an Anschutz thermometer) and of such size that the entire column of mercury is immersed in the vapour or in the liquid. In practice, it is generally more convenient to use thermometers which have been graduated for partial immersion for a short and con-... 

Tabie 11.64 Vaiues of Kfor Stem Correction of Thermometers 11.150... 

When a thermometer which has been standardized for total immersion is used with a part of the liquid column at a temperature below that of the bulb, the reading is low and a correction must be applied. The stem correction, in degrees Celsius, is given by... 

Tn addition to the error due to the exposed stem, ordinary chemical thermometers of low cost are subject to errors due to irregularities in the bore and sometimes the scale graduations may not be very accurate. " It is therefore essential to check the thermometer at several temperatures against the melting points of pure solids or the boiling points of pure liquids as described below. The application of an exposed stem correction will of course be unnecessary if the thermometer is calibrated in this way. A calibration curve may then be drawn upon graph " paper from the data thus obtained. Temperatures at intervals of about 20° are marked as abscissae and the corrections to be added or subtracted as ordinates the points thus obtained are then connected by a smooth curve. The thermometer correction at any temperature may be read directly from the curve. 

Stellite-type aboys carbides in, 4 647 Stellite-type aboys, 7 220-226 Stelometer, 11 614 Stem corrections, in liquid-in-glass thermometers, 24 464-465 Stem cell technology, 11 13-14 STEM-drilling, 9 599-600 Stem bbers, 11 285... 

The Beckmann thermometer used with the bomb calorimeter should be calibrated for the normal depth of immersion with which it is used. To cover the normal range of laboratory temperatures, this calibration should be obtained for three settings of the zero on the scale, convenient values being 10, 15, and 20°C. Such a series of calibrations allows automatically for emergent stem corrections and variations in the value of the degree on the thermometer scale with different quantities of mercury in the bulb, in addition to those arising from inherent variations in the diameter of the capillary bore. 

P° = 101.325 kPa (= 1 atm). At reduced pressures the solvent boils at Twater boils at 97°C), by certain weather conditions, or on the application of a partial vacuum. Since the boiling point is strongly pressure dependent, and since the usual determination with a mercury-inglass thermometer suspended in the vapour depends on the position of the thermometer, corrections to P° and for the thermometer stem-length have... 

There are tables that provide correction values for readings made when total-immersion thermometers are not sufficiently immersed. In the absence of such tables, use the formula for calculating stem correction given in the following equation. 

K = 0.00016 for centigrade mercurial thermometers and K = 0.001 for centigrade organic liquid thermometers To better understand stem corrections, consider the following example ... 

Partial-immersion thermometers have a greater tolerance (and therefore less precision) than total immersion thermometers. Interestingly enough, when a total immersion thermometer is only partially immersed and no stem correction is made, the accuracy is likely to be less than a partial-immersion thermometer. 

Liquid in Glass Thermometers. Mercury-in-glass thermometers (or better yet, mercury-in quartz) function well between -25°C and 360°C their typical precision is 0.1 K. They must be corrected for (1) relatively small pressure effects and (2) a relatively large "exposed-stem correction," due to the different coefficients of thermal expansion of mercury and glass in the part of the thermometer not immersed in the system being measured. 

Total immersion means standardization with the thermometer immersed to the top of the mercury column, with the remainder of the stem and the upper expansion chamber exposed to the ambient temperature. Partial immersion means standardization with the thermometer immersed to the indicated immersion line etched on the front of the thermometer, with the remainder of the stem exposed to the ambient temperature. If used under any other condition of immersion, an emergent-stem correction is necessary to obtain correct temperature readings. 

Since the mercury in the thread, as well as that in the bulb, is susceptible to thermal expansion, it is important in precise work to take account of the temperature of the thermometer stem. Most thermometer calibrations, especially those for enclosed-stem types, are for total immersion—it is assumed that the thread is at the same temperature as the bulb. Other thermometers are meant to be used with partial inunersion, often to a ring engraved on the stem, and the remainder of the stem is assumed to be at room temperature (say, 25°C). For precise work, stem corrections should be made if the stem temperatures differ significantly from those assumed in the calibration. The correction that should be added to the thermometer reading is given by the equation... 

For most purposes a partial-immersion thermometer need not be stem corrected because of a few degrees variation in room temperature or a few degrees error in the immersion level. On the other hand, it is usually worthwhile to apply stem corrections to readings of a total-immersion thermometer when it is used in partial immersion, particularly when reading temperatmes well removed from room temperatures. 

The methods of determining boiling-points at atmospheric pressure are described in all the practical manuals 7 a simple apparatus consists of a distilling flask in which the liquid is boiled, connected with a condenser (if necessary, a reflux condenser), and with a thermometer in the neck, the bulb being in the vapour suitable corrections for the variation of atmospheric pressure from 760 mm. Hg ( 14.VIIIJ) and the emergent stem corrections ( 3.VI A) must... 

Comments. Methods for obtaining melting-points are not usually given in the specifications, but it is absolutely necessary that a definite procedure and definite apparatus be agreed upon. The following points should be taken into consideration calibration and stem correction of thermometers, size of tubes, amoimt of substance taken, rate of melting and vessel of liquid to be used as bath. 

The boiling point is one of the most important physical constants of a liquid. It is also easily determined with sufficient accuracy for most purposes if a reasonable quantity of a pure substance is available, for then it is only necessar to carefully distill the sample, noting both the vapor temperature and the barometric pressure. A particularly convenient apparatus for distillation of small quantities is shown in Fig. 1-10. The shape of the flask here is a desirable one because it confines the liquid to a smaller area than does a round-bottom flask. Thermometers with standard taper joints (1-in. immersion) are very convenient and reduce the possibility of contamination, and in vacuum distillation, of leakage. They are also calibrated for partial immersion, thus making emergent stem corrections (page 83) unnecessary. They... 

Emergent Stem Correction for Mercuiy-in-glass Thermometers.—k large proportion of the thermometers now sold are graduated and standardized for the condition of total immersion, that is, for the condition that the bulb and all the portions of the stem which contain mercury, are heated to a uniform temperature. 

Table 5A.—Stem Correction Data for Pensky-Martin Flash-point Apparatus Thermometer used up to 150 C., range 40 to 160°C. in 1 intervals, scale length 9.5 cm. Thermometer used from 200 to 300°, range 200 to 360° in 1° intervals, scale length 12 cm.

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