Thermal decomposition and

Votsmeier M, Song S, Davidson D F and Hanson R K 1999 Shock tube study of monomethylamine thermal decomposition and NH2 high temperature absorption coefficients int. J. Chem. Kinetics 31 323-30... 

Elastomeric shield materials (ESM) have been developed as low density flexible ablators for low shear appHcations (49). General Electric s RTV 560 is a foamed silicone elastomer loaded with silicon dioxide [7631-86-9] and iron oxide [1317-61 -9] particles, which decomposes to a similar foam of Si02, SiC, and EeSiO. Silicone resins are relatively resistant to thermal decomposition and the silicon dioxide forms a viscous Hquid when molten (50) (see... 

Excitation appears to be general for this reaction but yields of excited products vary substantially with the substituent R. The highest yield reported is from tetramethyl-l,2-dioxetane [35856-82-7] (TMD) where the yield of triplet acetone is 50% of total acetone formed (18,19). Probably only one carbonyl of the two produced can be excited by the thermal decomposition, and TMD provides 100% of the possible yield of triplet acetone. Singlet excited acetone is also formed, but at the low yield of 0.1—0.3% (17—21). Other tetraaLkyldioxetanes behave similarly to TMD (22). 

London dry gin is produced from a mash containing more barley and less com, which is said to give the product more smoothness. This gin is distiked at high proof often under reduced pressure at about 57°C to avoid thermal decomposition and enhance smoothness. 

Batch Furnaces This type of furnace is employed mainly for the heat treatment of metals and for the drying and calcination or ceramic articles. In the chemical process industry, batch furnaces may be used for the same purposes as batch-tray and truck dryers when the drying or process temperature exceeds 600 K (620°F). They are employed also for small-batch calcinations, thermal decompositions, and other chemical reactions which, on a larger scale, are performed in rotary Idlns, hearth furnaces, and shaft furnaces. 

Co-distillation leads to long period of time under heat resulting in exceeding the isothermal aging characteristics for a thermally unstable material which leads to thermal decomposition and overpressure of the vessel. 

The alternative route in the oxidation of metlrane, widr CaHe formation, follows a similar path with the intermediate formation of CH3 by thermal decomposition and CHO radicals before CO is formed. 

The thermal decompositions described above are unimolecular reactions that should exhibit first-order kinetics. Under many conditions, peroxides decompose at rates faster than expected for unimolecular thermal decomposition and with more complicated kinetics. This behavior is known as induced decomposition and occurs when part of the peroxide decomposition is the result of bimolecular reactions with radicals present in solution, as illustrated below specifically for diethyl peroxide. 

Water-soluble initiators that can generate active free radicals are used in emulsion polymerization. The generation of active free radical can occur by two different mechanisms (1) thermal decomposition, and (2) chemical interaction. 

Rapid and extensive thermal decomposition and oxidation reactions in vapor-air mixture at this temperature. Lower limit determined at 302°F... 

Interaction between niobium oxide and fluorides, chlorides or carbonates of alkali metals in an ammonium hydrofluoride melt, yielded monooxyfluoroniobates with different compositions, MxNbOF3+x, where they were subsequently investigated [123-127]. According to DTA patterns of the Nb205 - 6NFL HF2 - 2MF system, (Fig. 18) a rich variety of endothermic effects result from the formation of ammonium monooxyfluoroniobate, its thermal decomposition and its interaction with alkali metal fluorides. The number of effects decreases and separation of ammonium ceases at lower temperatures and when going from lithium to cesium in the sequence of alkali metal fluorides. 

The basic problem in regard to the safety of rechargeable metal cells is how to manage the heat generated in a cell when it is abused. The temperature of a cell is determined by the balance between the amount of heat generated in the cell and the heat dissipated outside the cell. Heat is generated in a cell by thermal decomposition and /or the reaction of materials in the cell, as listed below ... 

Thermal Decomposition And Combustion Processes With Explosives , Explosivst 10, 229—... 

Two alternative methods have been used in kinetic investigations of thermal decomposition and, indeed, other reactions of solids in one, yield—time measurements are made while the reactant is maintained at a constant (known) temperature [28] while, in the second, the sample is subjected to a controlled rising temperature [76]. Measurements using both techniques have been widely and variously exploited in the determination of kinetic characteristics and parameters. In the more traditional approach, isothermal studies, the maintenance of a precisely constant temperature throughout the reaction period represents an ideal which cannot be achieved in practice, since a finite time is required to heat the material to reaction temperature. Consequently, the initial segment of the a (fractional decomposition)—time plot cannot refer to isothermal conditions, though the effect of such deviation can be minimized by careful design of equipment. 

The kinetics of thermal decomposition and depolymerisation of various polymers is discussed. The aim of the study was to find reaction conditions where different polymers can be separated from mixtures by decomposing them into their monomers or into pyrolysis products and where chlorine and/or nitrogen are eliminated from the polymers without forming toxic compounds. Data are given for PVC, PS, PE, and PR 13 refs. 

Thermal properties such as thermal capacity, thermal expansion, melting temperature, thermal decomposition and sublimation are all important in considering processes to which minerals may be directly subjected in a pyro way. As for example, roasting or calcination or any pyro pre-treatment of a mineral concentrate is greatly influenced by its thermal properties. The chapter on pyrometallurgy deals with these aspects. 

Aryl and, more so, chlorine substituents on silicon enhance thermal stability of silacyclobutanes. The rate of the first-order thermal decomposition of silacyclobutanes varies inversely with the dielectric constant of the solvent used. Radical initiators have no effect on the thermal decomposition and a polar mechanism was suggested. Thermal polymerization of cyclo-[Ph2SiCH212 has been reported to occur at 180-200°C. The product was a crystalline white powder which was insoluble in benzene and other common organic solvents [19]. 

Table 3). The crystal inclusion compounds of the protic solvents are distinguished by relatively high points of thermal decomposition and, as before, the inclusion compound with dimethylformamide exhibits the highest tendency of formation. This is the result of competitive experiments. 

It has been shown that different kinds of magnetic nanomaterials can be obtained by coprecipitation, hydrothermal and thermal decomposition, and other processes. 

The effect of metal oxides in sensitising the thermal decomposition and explosion of the salt is in the order manganese dioxide > copper oxide > nickel oxide. 

Catalytic elfects on the thermal decomposition and burning under nitrogen of the nitrate were determined for ammonium dichromate, potassium dichromate, potassium chromate, barium chloride, sodium chloride and potassium nitrate. Chromium(VI) salts are most effective in decomposition, and the halides salts during burning of the nitrate [1]. The effect of chromium compounds soluble in the molten nitrate, all of which promote decomposition of the latter, was studied (especially using ammonium dichromate) in kinetic experiments [2],... 

Silane decomposes to its elements at above 400°C. Process (1) is known as direct thermal decomposition, and produces either amorphous or polycrystalline Si (function of reaction temperature and other processing parameters), and is commonly used, for instance, in the solar cell industry to reduce silane to silicon. 

The thermal decomposition and cycloaddition reactions of 2,5-dihydro-1,3,4-thiadiazoles are reviewed in Sections... 

Although thermal decomposition (and runaway) is often identified with the inherent reactivities of the chemicals involved, it must be emphasized that hazards can arise from induced reactions as discussed in Chapter 2. These induced reactions may be initiated by heat, contamination, or mechanical means (e.g., shock, friction, electrostatic spark). 

The reaction of NO with a wide variety of enamines, derived from the respective aldehydes and ketones can produce N-hydroxy-N-nitrosamine (Scheme 3.10) [137]. These compounds are relatively stable to thermal decomposition and do not release copious volumes of NO upon adding to concentrated mineral acids. However, on dissolution in aqueous buffer at pH 7.4 and 37 °C, a slow release of NO could be detected by the chemiluminescence method. 

Keywords Contaminated oil waste, biological degradation, thermal decomposition and plasma treatment, PCB s... 

Spectroscopic developments have accelerated advances in the field of catalysis. This volume analyzes the impact on catalyst structure and reactivity of EXAFS, SIMS, MSssbauer, magic-angle spinning NMR (MASNMR), and electron-energy-loss vibrational spectroscopy. Many of these techniques are combined with other analytical tools such as thermal decomposition and temperature-programmed reactions. 

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