The Two Criteria

Criterion 1 (hereafter referred to as Cl ) grows out of the necessity for a definition of nation not to be normative  

Cl A definition should not determine the normative content of the principles designed to regulate relations among national groups with respect to their self-determination claims or any other entitlements. Thus, group rights or entitlements should not be part of the definition. 

Nationhood is a complex phenomenon that includes aspects of personal and group identity, history, culture, and political preferences. All of these features are shared by several kinds of groups, not only by national groups. We need to be able to tell what distinguishes ethnic or administrative units from national groups, what the similarity is between multi- and mono-ethnic national groups, and what differentiates groups with very similar national cultures that form different national communities. 

Criterion 2 (C2) grows out of this need, requiring the construction of a notion of nationhood that maintains the complexity of the phenomenon relative to the context of its use  

C2 A definition should be pragmatic it should provide sufficient guidance in determining whether a group qualifies as a nation for the purpose of the regulation of relations among the subjects of multinational states and be able to account 

---

In a mechanical test, interfacial strength may be quantified in terms of either the minimum load required for interface disruption or the total integral energy or work expended. In many situations, due to non-uniformity of chemical or morphological conditions over the area of the interface or to non-uniformity of the applied stress in a given test [7], the two criteria are different. The investigator must thus strive to minimize or deal with both of the above complications, i.e. the interfaces studied should be chemically and morphologically uniform, and the stresses applied in the test should be uniform or distributed in way which is quantitatively describable. 

When trade-offs exist, no single compound will stand out uniquely as the optimum drug for the market, ranked hrst on all measures of performance. Rather, a set of compounds will be considered that, on current knowledge, span the optimal solution to the problem. These compounds are those for which there is no other compound that offers equivalent performance across all criteria and superior performance in at least one. In multicriteria decision analysis (MCDA) terminology, they are known as Pareto-optimal solutions. This concept is illustrated by the two-criteria schematic in Figure 11.3. 

It is accepted in what follows that Q = Cj meaning that the two criteria mentioned have the same risk level according to CHETAH. The greater than (>) and less than (<) signs will not need to be explained. 

The ability to sequence proteins at low levels and sometimes in a high throughput fashion has considerably advanced protein-oriented molecular biological research. The qualitative change affects the two criteria sensitivity and throughput. 

We show in Section II,C the relation between the L criterion and the entropy criterion and how the two criteria can be used to complement each other. 

The most complete description of ozone injury symptoms is found in the Ar/os. However, several of the review articles, including the two criteria documents, have injury descriptions. A concise description is found in Heck and Brandt. ... 

An example in point is SAFC (Sigma Aldrich Fine Chemicals). It presently has sales of 250 million and a staff of 27. It is subdivided according to the two criteria small/big (billion) molecules, and USA/Europe. The net result is 17 managers in charge of small molecules, 9 of which are for the US and 8 for the European markets and 10 for big molecules, 6 of which are for US and 4 for the European markets. 

In the PO-approach it is not necessary to preselect acceptable values for any criterion. All the predicted values of the two criteria, crushing strength and disintegration time, at each mixture composition are represented in a two-dimensional PO-plot (Figure 4.17). 

The PO concept is clearly presented in Figure 4.22, the pay-off between the two criteria can be evaluated quantitatively. The experimenter can decide how much he or she wants to pay in one criterion to gain in the other criterion. 

The two criteria give somewhat different results for the effective strand concentration. Consider, for example, the random addition of C crosslinks to... 

Table 7.1 compares vc/v0 according to the two criteria. Values for primary chains with exponential distribution (Mw/Mn = 2) are also included. The number of active strands according to the Scanlan criterion is larger by a factor of 1.5 at the gel point. The ratio decreases slowly with increasing y and finally approaches a value of unity for large numbers of crosslinks per primary chain. Both expressions approach the form vc = v0y for sufficiently large values of y. 

Examining a given concentration profile in greater detail, we may construct the model illustrated in Figure 2.3, which approximates the bell shape by many hypothetical impulse functions of different heights located Ax distance increments apart. Simple diffusion is a linear process that fits the two criteria discussed earlier (Chap. 1). According to the superposition principle, the impulse functions may be treated completely independently if there is no solute-solute interaction (e.g., dimerization). The future of the total profile will be described accurately by a summation of the behavior of each independent impulse. 

Analytical Methods. Insoluble barium sulfate precipitate, one of the two criteria by which growth of the bacteria was established was determined by standard gravimetric methods. The amount of barium sulfate is directly proportional to the amount of sulfide that has been oxidized by the sulfur bacteria. 

The two criteria used to spot homotopic ligands and faces may also be used to detect those which are enantiotopic. 

For simplicity, we restrict ourselves to having a feed flowrate that starts at some value F0 and ramps down with a constant slope S. This practical approach to trajectory optimization is recommended by Smith and Choong6 for batch processes. We want to find the values of F0 and S that achieve the desired conversion and selectivity. There will be many pairs of values that will satisfy the two criteria. Each will have a different batch time and a different amount of C produced. 

Thus the latter equation AGsystem = — 7j A Vllnjverse shows how the two criteria which can be used to assess the thermodynamic spontaneity of reactions or processes are basically identical since if ... 

The maximum pressure drop criterion is used jointly with the flood-point criterion. The column is designed to the more conservative of the two criteria. If MOC is preferred to flood point, the maximum pressure drop criterion is used jointly with the MOC criterion, and the column is designed for the more conservative of the two. 

The flood-point and the maximum pressure drop criteria gave comparable tower diameters. The more conservative of the two criteria gives diameters of 5.50 and 6.12 for the top and bottom section of the tower, respectively. As the diameters for the top and bottom sections are not much different, it is attractive to use uniform column diameter. The decision of whether to make the top and bottom section diameters the same is based on the same criterion as for tray columns (Sec. 6.5.3). The preliminary column diameter is the larger for the two column sections, i.e., 6.12 ft. This diameter is normally rounded to the next nearest half foot, but in this example it is rounded only to the next nearest quarter foot. A diameter of 6.12 is far closer to 6 ft than to 6.5 ft. Column diameter is relatively small, and three excessive inches substantially increase the costs. The column is operated at high pressure, and high-pressure shells are expensive. Therefore, the preliminary column diameter is 6 ft 3 in. 

As already mentioned, this considerably simplifies the two criteria [25] and [27] needed for negligible rate of accumulation at the secondary minimum. In these conditions both criteria are satisfied when... 

In a CV, the two criteria for Nernstian reversibility are (1) that the distance along the V axis between oxidation and reduction peaks be (0.0592/n) volts and (2) that the measured peak heights for the oxidation wave and the reduction wave be equal. If only one of two waves (oxidation or reduction) is present, then the reaction is clearly irreversible. If they both... 

---