Benign shock

The benign shock paradigm is clearly an approximation, but one that has proven very effective. The catastrophic shock paradigm corresponds to the known physical, mechanical, and chemical processes, but its characteristics have proven difficult to quantify. 

The fluid mechanics origins of shock-compression science are reflected in the early literature, which builds upon fluid mechanics concepts and is more concerned with basic issues of wave propagation than solid state materials properties. Indeed, mechanical wave measurements, upon which much of shock-compression science is built, give no direct information on defects. This fluids bias has led to a situation in which there appears to be no published terse description of shock-compressed solids comparable to Kormer s for the perfect lattice. Davison and Graham described the situation as an elastic fluid approximation. A description of shock-compressed solids in terms of the benign shock paradigm might perhaps be stated as ... 

Alternately, a benign shock compression model has been invoked to explain the polarizations. An elastic dipole-rotation model was first proposed... 

Solid state chemistry was vigorously pursued in the Soviet Union from their earliest work, but other shock-eompression groups showed little interest in the area. Within a benign shock compression pieture, such chemical effects could not occur in the mieroseeond duration of the shoek pulse. Observations of chemieal changes must therefore be interpreted to be the result of poor experimental eontrol or proeesses that occurred long after the shock event. 

Select a process chemistry that is inherently safer (e.g., replace shock sensitive, high temperature sensitive and high pressure sensitive materials with more benign materials, less severe operating conditions)... 

In this chapter the scope of the subject the fluidlike deformation of shock-compressed solids modeling the shock as benign or catastrophic the origins of shock-compression science the pressure scale of events the plan of the present work. 

Staphylococcus aureus is an important human pathogen that causes a variety of clinical manifestations, ranging from benign skin infections to life-threatening infections such as septicemia, endocarditis, osteitis, and toxic shock syndrome. The virulence has been ascribed to a coordinated production of a large set of different toxins,... 

Hepatic lesions (adenomas, focal nodular hyperplasia, hepatocellular carcinoma, etc) Rarely, benign and malignant hepatic adenomas have been associated with the use of hormonal contraceptives. Severe abdominal pain, shock, or death may be due to rupture and hemorrhage of a liver tumor. 

Acute oral exposure to silver nitrate has led to irritation and corrosion in the gastrointestinal tract, abdominal pain, diarrhea, vomiting, shock, convulsions, and death in humans. Silver or silver nitrate can lead to respiratory irritation with inhalation exposures. Silver nitrate is highly irritating to the skin, mucous membranes, and eyes. Insoluble silver compounds (e.g., silver chloride, silver iodide, and silver oxide) are relatively benign. 

Experiments with MTV (61.1/33.9/5) obtained with the shock-gel process indicate that fast heating under heavy confinement (Figure 19.14) yields a benign reaction with full consumption of the material (Table 19.9). 

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