The person-based approach

However, a truly accurate accoxmt might require you to assess each individual s personal feelings, afdtudes, or intentions. It is possible, in fact, that one person was being hostile while the other was just having fun or fhe contacf sfarted as horseplay and progressed to aggression. 

This scenario illustrates a basic premise of the person-based approach. Focusing only on observable behavior does not explain enough. People are much more than their behaviors. Concepts like intention, creativity, intrinsic mohvation, subjective interpretation, selfesteem, and mental attitude are essential to understanding and appreciating the human dynamics of a problem. Thus, a person-based approach in the workplace applies surveys, personal interviews, and focus-group discussions to find out how individuals feel about certain situations, conditions, behaviors, or personal interactions. 

The key principles of humanism found in mosf pop psychology approaches to increase personal achievement are 

Everyone is unique in numerous ways. The special characteristics of individuals cannot be understood or appreciated by applying general principles or concepts, such as the behavior-based principles of performance managemenf or fhe permanent personality trait perspective of psychoanalysis. 

Individuals have far more pofenhal to achieve than they typically realize and should not feel hampered by pasf experiences or present liabilihes. 

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Taken alone, the behavior-based approach is more cost effective than the person-based approach in affecting large-scale change. But it cannot be effective unless the work culture believes in the behavior-based principles and willingly applies them to achieve the mutual safety mission. This involves a person-based approach. Therefore, to achieve a Total Safety Culture we need to integrate person-based and behavior-based psychology. This text shows you how to meet this challenge. 

Chapter fifteen The person-based approach to actively caring... 

Behavior analysis" is the term used by researchers and scholars in this area of applied psychology. This implies that behavior is analyzed first (Chapter 9) and, if change is called for, an intervention process is developed with input from the clients (Chapters 11 to 13). Civen that "analysis" can sound cold or bring to mind Freud, I have recommended the label "behavior-based approach" for several years. This contrasts nicely with the "person-based approach" that focuses on attitudes, feelings, and expectancies. As I have repeatedly emphasized, a Total Safety Culture requires us to consider both behavior-based and person-based psychology. 

Readers familiar with the writings of Deming (1986,1993) and Covey (1989,1990) will recognize these eminent industrial consultants as humanists, or advocates of a person-based approach. 

This supports the general principle I introduced in Chapter 2. A Total Safety Culture requires integrating both behavior-based and person-based approaches to understand and... 

Two of these system variables involve human factors. Each generally receives less attention than the environment, mostly because it is more difficult to visibly measure the outcomes of efforts to change the human factors. Some human factors programs focus on behaviors (as in behavior-based safety) others focus on attitudes (as in a person-based approach). A Total Safety Culture integrates these two approaches. 

To achieve a Total Safety Culture, we need to integrate behavior-based and person-based psychology and effect large-scale culture changes. The five chapters in Section 3 explain principles and proce-dures founded cm behavioral research which can be applied successfully to change behaviors and attitudes throughcmt organizations and communities. This chapter describes the primary characteristics of the behavior-based approach to the prevention and treatment of human problems and shows their special relevance to occupational safety. The three basic ways we learn are reviewed and related to the development of safe vs. at-risk behaviors and attitudes. 

Sometimes at seminars and workshops, I hear participants express concern fliat tire actively caring person-state model might not be practical. "The concepts are too soft or subjective," is a typical reaction. Employees accept the behavior-based approach because it is straightforward, objective, and clearly applicable to the workplace. However, person-based... 

The HASP focuses on the specific tasks down to the worksite level and identifies job- and task-based hazards, exposure-monitoring requirements, hazard controls and approaches, requirements necessary to protect workers, and, sometimes, the name of the person responsible for a certain activity. 

The calculation of indirect COI can be based on different methodologies, and there is no generally accepted standard for all circumstances. The most common approach to calculate the indirect costs of illness is the human capital method. The loss of welfare of a society in the form of nongenerated commodities and services mainly depends on the lost working hours. The method assumes that if a person had... 

HelUnger and Fleishman (2000) derived estimates for costs of treating people with HIV disease in the United States using patient-based, payer-based, and provider-based approaches. Based on insurance data from 1996, they calculated average annual cost of treating a person with HIV disease between US 20,000 and US 24,700. 

The method for estimating parameters from Monte Carlo simulation, described in mathematical detail by Reilly and Duever (in preparation), uses a Bayesian approach to establish the posterior distribution for the parameters based on a Monte Carlo model. The numerical nature of the solution requires that the posterior distribution be handled in discretised form as an array in computer storage using the method of Reilly 2). The stochastic nature of Monte Carlo methods implies that output responses are predicted by the model with some amount of uncertainty for which the term "shimmer" as suggested by Andres (D.B. Chambers, SENES Consultants Limited, personal communication, 1985) has been adopted. The model for the uth of n experiments can be expressed by... 

Because our subsequent analyses are based upon the urine test results, we present information here only from the subset of arrestees who provided a urine specimen (n=4,847). Other analyses (not presented here) indicate that the persons who provided a specimen were virtually identical on these characteristics to the entire group of persons approached in Central Booking (n=6,406). 

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