The Paradigm Shift

It became clear to the regulator that clarity and consistency were required over the issue of who was responsible for the activity and how that responsibility was to be discharged. 

7 Petroleum Act, section 1-6 Definition Operator anyone executing on behalf of the licensee the day- 

Leading the Business from Norway — Norwegian Organisation 

5 Section 7 of the framework regulations on responsibilities pursuant to the regulations. 

That recommendation paved the way to a transition from prescriptive requirements to more goal-based requirements expressed in functional terms, which gave the operating party opportunities to choose which detailed solutions could be used to operate safely, and in accordance with the level of standard set in the regulations. That the activity is to be conducted in an acceptable manner expresses a legal standard which provides no direct specification of the level of safety required. The content of the standard will depend on current social perceptions, practice in the petroleum industry, and so forth. The requirement to maintain an acceptable level of safety can thereby change in line with developments (Hagen et ak, op cit, p. 449.) 

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Z. Jumps in knowledge arise from new theoretical concepts, such as the disproving of the phlogiston hypothesis ("the" paradigm shift) or the atom model of Dalton and the Periodic Table. An equally accelerating effect results from the discovery of new methods, such as electrochemistry, spectral analysis, and X-rays. 

It is of interest to analyze the paradigm shift caused by the SMDS process in context of the original Shell design objectives (refer to Section 18.8) and the current situation. 

Sales planning has to reflect the bidding process presented in subchapter 2.3. Fig. 20 illustrates the paradigm shift from demand fulfilment towards sales plan achievement, where demand forecast captures the role of a price-quantity bid that is cleared based on available supply and a certain sales flexibility. The sales planning mechanism is further described in the following detailed requirements. 

While interest in amorphous alloys was becoming vane over the time, the paradigm shift in materials science brought about by the discovery of amorphous metals and rapid solidification cannot be underestimated. The interest of physicists, chemists, materials scientists, and engineers became refocused from well-ordered crystalline materials to disordered and nanocrystalline phases. Shortly, substantial R D programs were initiated in the USA, Japan, and worldwide both at universities and national government laboratories. Foundations have been established for the advance of the science of nanomaterials. 

The paradigm shift from critical activities from later drug development to earlier discovery phases some years ago has effectively led to a change in lead optimization and added a new dimension of complexity, while it is envisioned that from a multidimensional, data-driven process more suitable candidates in accord with the therapeutic target product profiles may emerge for the treatment of currently unmet medical needs. 

The paradigm shift in 1980 on the causation of acute myocardial infarction to acute coronary occlusion by a thrombus created the rationale for thrombolytic therapy of this common lethal disease. At that time—and for the first time-intravenous thrombolytic therapy for acute myocardial infarction in the European Cooperative Study Group trial was found to reduce mortality significantly. Later studies, with thousands of patients in each trial, provided enough statistical power for the 20% reduction in mortality to be considered statistically significant. Although the standard of care in areas with adequate facilities and experience in percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) now favors catheterization and placement of a stent, thrombolytic therapy is still very important where PCI is not readily available. 

Research on polysilane oligomers and polymers has been the major driving force for the paradigm shift to a new model of rotational conformations.57 58 Until very recently, the structures of polysilanes were mainly described in terms of the older anti-gauche model. This is now known to be incorrect, and as a result nearly 20 years of research will probably need to be reinterpreted. 

A change in this respect will depend on the success in demonstrating the added value of combinatorial leads for drug development. The incremental improvements brought about by increasing the efficiency of optimizing conventional leads with laboratory automation alone, will not suffice to translate into the paradigm shift proclaimed a few years ago. A deeper impact on the quality of discovered primary leads is necessary, in terms of their simplicity and suitability for further modular derivatizations. 

The paradigm shifts in computer validation between 1986 and 1997 were chronicled in a key practice document published by PhRMA s Computer Systems Validation Committee.It noted... 

Recently, LC/UV/MS using atmospheric ionisation sources (API) has become ubiquitous wherever large numbers of samples require automated separation and identification analysis. This is especially the case within the pharmaceutical industi where its universal adoption has coincided with the paradigm shift in the way drug discovery is performed. Today, LC/UV/MS is the front-line technique for the analysis of combinatorial libraries and as an introduction it is useful to examine the development of the technique alongside combinatorial synthesis to understand the synergies that make them good bed fellows . 

MMCC s transition from a compliance assessment model to an axiological assessment model parallels the paradigm shift from indirect, psychometric assessment models to direct, social constructivist assessment models in the composition field. Educators now recognize the necessity for establishing rhetorical, locally-contextualized, assessment research models based upon constructivist principles. Stations... 

I offer special thanks to Dr. Abel Lajtha for his heroic feat in bringing to fruition this treatise of amazing breadth, diversity, and potential importance. Anyone with less than Dr. Lajtha s world view and historic grasp of the paradigm shifts resulting from neurochemical research would never have succeeded. What is more, they could never have even conceived of the plan. 

Muller, K. (1997a) On the paradigm shift from rational to random design. /. Md. Struct. (Theochem), 398-399, 467 71. 

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