Stages in the Paradigm Shift

When a new paradigm is suggested, it is initially ignored by the scientific community. From the various quotes in Section V, it is clear that the need for a departure from classical bivalent logic was expressed by some authors during the first half of this century (Russell, Duhem, Smuts, Black). However, all suggestions advanced by these authors were totally ignored at that time. 

No doubt Professor Zadeh s enthusiasm for fuzziness has been reinforced by the prevailing political climate in the U.S.—one of unprecedented permissiveness. Fuzzification is a kind of scientific permissiveness it tends to result in socially appealing slogans unaccompanied by the discipline of hard scientific work and patient observation. (Rudolf E. Kalman, 1972) 

Fuzzy theory is wrong, wrong, and pernicious. I cannot think of any problem that could not be solved better by ordinary logic. The danger of fuzzy theory is 

Several debates, focusing primarily on the relationship between probability theory and the various novel uncertainty theories, are documented in the literature. A frequently raised issue in these debates was the 

The only satisfactory description of uncertainty is probability. By this I mean that every uncertainty statement must be in the form of a probability that several uncertainties must be combined using the rules of probability and that the calculus of probabilities is adequate to handle all situations involving uncertainty. Probability is the only sensible description of uncertainty and is adequate for all problems involving uncertainty. All other methods are inadequate... that can be done with fuzzy logic, belief functions, upper and lower probabilities, or any other alternative to probability, can better be done with probability. 

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