The organization of this book

The organization of this book is based on the presumption that the reader wishes to be able to develop a suitable reactor for a given chemical reaction. That means that the reader is not expected to choose a reactor type beforehand. Therefore the second part of this book is not organized on the basis of types of reactors, but rather on the basis of the types of decisions one may have to make on the path of chemical reactor development. 

Before we look at the phenomena that may take place inside a chemical reactor, we have to consider the consequences of the way the reactants are introduced into the reactor, and the way reaction products are removed, in the course of time. This is 

There are various ways for introducing reactant streams into reactors and removing product streams from reactors. These are called operation modes in this book. Models for some ideal operation modes are discussed in Chapter 3. These considerations are particularly relevant if we wish to convert a batchwise process into a continuously operated process. 

For many chemical reactions we will also have to consider the effects of physical transport phenomena. This is the case when mixing rates are relevant, or when we have heterogeneous reactions (with two or more phases). For such situations it is better to skip Chapter 3 and move on to Chapter 4, where the problems of physical contacting of reactants (such as mixing and mass transfer between two phases) are discussed, as well as interphase heat transfer. For many chemical reactions the way of contacting the reactants will determine the reactor configuration, or indeed the type of reactor we will have to use. 

In Chapter 5 the combined effects of chemical reactions and physical transport phenomena are discussed. We have treated these in a separate chapter, because it turns out that these are governed by only a few principles, whereas the number of possibilities for physical contacting is much larger. 

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Although no two sites are exactly alike, the organization of this book is intended to guide the reader toward solutions to many of the situations typically encountered at a variety of sites, from small-scale retail service stations to larger-scale industrial complexes such as refineries. It may prove helpful to read the book in its entirety quickly, then to concentrate on those sections of greater concern or interest. The authors clearly recognize that other procedures or interpretative opinions may be well suited for solution of a particular problem or site situation. The discussion presented is representative of widely recognized and proven practices that reflect over 50 years of combined experience. 

The organization of this book follows the various states of aggregation of the earth s materials, in an order that reflects their relative importance in geology. Five chapters deal with the crystalline state. The first chapter is preparatory, the second and third are operative. The fourth summarizes some concepts of defect chemistry, the role of which in geochemistry is becoming more and more important as studies on kinetics and trace element applications advance. The fifth chapter is a (necessarily concise) state-of-the-art appraisal of the major silicate minerals. 

Owing to the organization of this book, preparative-scale electrolysis is discussed separately in Chapter 3. Thus in the following we assume that Eq. (152) represents the... 

The organization of this book was at first difficult as I kept sifting away those materials that would classically constitute formulation work or be more closely... 

The organization of this book is centered around several major groups of imidoyl halides, which are shown in Table I. Of course, this classification is arbitrary, but it provides a framework for useful discussion. A variety of... 

In conclusion, the organization of this book covers the basic ideas and issues of the physical chemistry of macromolecules including molecular stmcture, physical properties, and modern experimental techniques. 

This book can be read in different ways. For those who are not familiar with chemical reaction engineering, it may be advisable to read first the elaborate Introduction presented in Part I (Chapters 1 and 2). In these chapters the scene is set and various important aspects of chemical reactions are reviewed in a qualitative sense, with their consequences for reactor development. This part contains several examples that are meant to illustrate what is going to be treated in Part II. In the end of Chapter 2 the organization of this book is presented. 

In addition to these individual chapters, the organization of this book in parts is also aimed at making the following contributions to engineering education and practice relevant and useful to those who might have specific concerns or needs ... 

The basic objective of this chapter is to describe the organization of this book vis-a-vis separations from a chemical engineering perspective. Separation, sometimes identified as concentration, enrichment or purification, is employed widely in large industrial-scale as well as small lahoratory-scale processes. Here we refer primarily to physical separation methods. However, chemical reactions, especially reversible ones, can enhance separation and have therefore received significant attention in this hook. Further, we have considered not only separation of mbttures of molecules, but also mixtures of particles and macromolecules. 

Here I would like to thank Prof. Mitsum Sasaki from the Department of Biofunctional Chemistry, Kobe University, Japan for his contributive advice for revising the manuscript. I wish to express special appreciation to Prof. Philip W. Lee from DuPont Crop Protection (1978-2008) for his advice on the organization of this book. Many thanks to Prof. Eddie Chio from Eli Lilly and Company (1977-2006) and Prof. Adam Hsu from Rohm and Haas (1982-2002) for their very helpful suggestions for revising the manuscript. Last but not least, my special thanks go to Ms. Carol Ashman (USA) for her efforts in revising and editing the manuscript. 

The organization of this book is as follows. The remainder of this chapter provides short accounts of purification, analysis and storage and stability of compounds labeled with carbon-14 and tritium, and descriptions of some common techniques and technologies unique to work with these isotopes. Chapter 2 discusses some strategies particularly appropriate for planning syntheses of compounds labeled with carbon-14 and tritium, an appropriate topic for inclusion because there are distinct differences vis-a-vis the ways nonisotopic synthetic problems are approached, and an appreciation of these differences is... 

The organization of this book is similar to the first symposium volume and addresses each of the following areas silicon-containing polymers, oxopolymers, polyphosphazenes, other main group element polymers, and metal-containing polymers. Unlike the first volume, which contained both topical reviews of each area and specialist reports by symposium participants, this volume contains only the latter. 

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