The Dictionary

In this Dictionary 1 have aimed to provide an explanation of the terms used in the various branches of chemistry, together with brief accounts of important substances and chemical operations. The Dictionary is intended for use in schools, colleges and universities from the first study of chemistry up to about second year at university or college. We have necessarily had to be selective rather than comprehensive but most chemicals met with at this level should be included. 

The following are definitions of terms relevant to computational chemistry. These definitions are based on common usage in this field. They do not necessarily reflect the dictionary definitions or those in other branches of science. 

It is hoped that this book will be of the same usefulness to the worker in science as is the dictionary to the worker in literature, and that its resting place will be on the desk rather than on the bookshelf. 

OtherD t b ses. Available from different vendors (Table 8). For example, the researcher can obtain physical properties by usiag the Merck Index Online or the Dictionary of Organic Compounds available by Chapman and Hall Chemical Database. In DIALOG, numeric databases are collected under the name of CHEMPROP. 

Finally, in this Introduction, it is worthwhile to reproduce one of the several current definitions, in the Oxford English Dictionary, of the word simulate To imitate the conditions or behaviour of (a situation or process) by means of a model, especially for the purpose of study or training specifically, to produce a computer model of (a process) . The Dictionary quotes this early (1958) passage from a text on high-speed data processing A computer can simulate a warehouse, a factory, an oil refinery, or a river system, and if due regard is paid to detail the imitation can be very exact . Clearly, in 1958 the scientific uses of computer simulation were not yet thought worthy of mention, or perhaps the authors did not know about them. 

Gangoli, S. (ed.) (1999) The Dictionary of Substances and their Effects (DOSE), Royal Society of Chemistry, London. Gibbons, R. (1994) Statistical Methods for Groundwater Monitoring, Wiley. 

There are a large number of naturally occurring molecules which have not yet been obtained by chemical synthesis. A convenient source of information on such compounds is The Dictionary of Organic Compounds, Fifth Addition (1982) and Supplements 1-5, published as a multivolume series by Chapman and Hall, New York and London J. Buckingham, Executive Editor. This compendium contains references to syntheses which are not included in this collection, especially those involving simpler target structures. 

Adverbs. Since in German nearly any adjective may be used adverbially without change of form, the user of the dictionary is ordinarily left to form these adverbial meanings for himself. 

When the name ends in -insdure the translator may substitute -ic acid for this unless another acid already bears the resulting name thus Akridinsdure is often called acridic acid instead of the longer acridinic acid, but Mekonin-sdure should be translated meconinic acid because Mekonsdure has preempted the translation meconic acid. Such exceptions are given in the dictionary as far as possible, but in doubtful cases the longer form -inic acid would be the safer. 

It may be an inflected form of a word given in the dictionary. See Noun Endings and Irregular Verbs, above. A thoro knowledge of German grammar Is of course the best assistance here. 

An engineer is a professional in exactly the same context as a medical doctor, a lawyer, clergy, teacher, etc. The dictionary defines a profession as... 

Hirst, Sir Edmund Langley (1898-1975), M. Stacey, The Dictionary of National Biography 1971 -SO, Oxford University Press, (1986) 411. 

Harre, R. and Lamb, R. (1986). The Dictionary of Personality and Social Psychology. Blackwell. 

Registry Numbers. Annual supplements, with cumulative indexes, have appeared since 1983. A similar work, devoted to organometallic compounds, is the 2nd edition of the Dictionary of Organometallic Compounds , 6 vols. in its 5th supplement, published by Chapman and Hall in 1989. Another, Dictionary of Steroids , 2 vols., 1991, is also published by Chapman and Hall. 

The complete procedure described above may not be necessary in all cases. Often all the information one needs about a compound will be found in one of the handbooks (p. 1617), in the Dictionary of Organic Compounds (p. 1617), or in one of the other compendia listed in this chapter, most of which give references to the original literature. 

Fernando, Diane. The dictionary of alchemy an A-Z of history, people, and definitions. London Blandford, 1998 reprint, London Vega, 2002. 192p. ISBN 1-8433-3618-9... 

Haeffner, Mark. The dictionary of alchemy from Maria Prophetissa to Isaac Newton. London Aquarian P, 1991. 272 p. ISBN 1-85538-085-4... 

Drury, Neville. The dictionary of the esoteric. Watkins, 2002. 344p. 

Anonymous. Sir John Eldon Gorst. The Dictionary of National Biography. Supplement for 1912-1921. Oxford Oxford University Press, 1992. Source for Gorst s career. 

Since a pound of each is specified, neither weighs more. But everyone knows that bricks arc heavier than feathers. The confusion stems from the fact that heavy is defined in the dictionary as either having great mass" or "having high density. Per unit volume, bricks weigh more than feathers that is, bricks are more dense. 

But in order to understand what needs to be changed, we first need to understand the current situation. In order for a pharmaceutical company to use any analytical method for certifying the properties (efficacy, potency, etc.) of their products, the analytical method has to be validated. Validation , in the parlance of the FDA, is a far cry from what we usually call validation when developing a multivariate spectroscopic method. In fact, what we call validation in spectroscopic calibration (which usually means calculating an SEP, or an SECV) is a far cry from the dictionary definition of validate , which is to make legally valid , where valid is defined as having legal efficacy or force [11],... 

Data taken from a preliminary survey of compounds in the Dictionary of Organometallic Compounds, compiled by G. Parkin and C. Zachmanoglou. 

The appendix provides a key to the chemicals and materials whose manufacture is described by one or more of the named processes. Although the dictionary does not purport to be a comprehensive listing of processes for making particular chemicals or materials, reference to the key will identify those processes which have special names, and reference to these entries will often provide general references which will help to identify the unnamed ones too. 

To help resolve this dispute, the first text to consult would have to be the dictionary. According to one dictionary, a sport is defined as a... 

The same model of object types and attributes could describe situations in the real world, for a software specification, or even of code. Section 2.6 introduces the dictionary as a mechanism for documenting the relationship between model elements and what they represent. 

To capture this invariant we must define the term completed we do so by simply adding a Boolean attribute to Session—and, of course, defining its real-world meaning in the dictionary. 

The dictionary relates symbolic names to the real world. So if I told you that fris is the name I use for my age and bee is how the age of the current British Prime Minister is referred to in my household, then you could find out whether fris > bee is true or false. If the model in Figure 2.16 were of a database, the dictionary would relate the model elements to tables, columns, and so on. 

---