The Arctic seas

From a global perspective, deep water formation in the Greenland Sea -a process thought to be instrumental in driving global ocean circulation patterns - has a tremendous influence on the weather and climate patterns of the world, especially heavily populated continental Europe. The stability of such a process has come into question under some scenarios of climate change. 

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Nielson SP, Iosjpe M, Strand P. 1997. Collective doses to man from dumping of radioactive waste in the Arctic Seas. Sci Total Environ 202 135-146. 

Water samples from the Arctic Sea were analysed by the potentiometric stripping technique. Lead (II) and cadmium (II) were determined after preelectrolysis for 32 min at -1.1 V with respect to Ag/AgCl the detection limits were 0.06 and 0.04 nmol/1, respectively. Zinc (II) was determined after the ad-... 

Results from the EMEP observation stations that annually report the monthly POP concentrations [EMEP/ccc-reports (http //www.nilu.no/projects/ccc/reports)] are shown in Figs. 15b and 16b. These stations are located in central and northern Europe, so temporal information on POP concentrations in southern Europe, such as the Mediterranean, is missing. The present network of monitoring stations shows that in the period between 2002 and 2009, the lowest concentrations were observed at high latitudes in Spitsbergen, in the Arctic sea and that they increased with decreasing latitudes, with highest concentration in central Europe (e.g. Czech Republic). 

APPLICATION OF MODELING TECHNOLOGY TO THE STUDY OF POLLUTANT DYNAMICS IN THE ARCTIC SEAS... 

HB Hydrological Block, describing the water circulation in the Arctic seas and the movement of ecological elements (Krapivin, 1995, 1996). 

Silicone rubbers have proven to be successful inserts for sea projectors. These inserts are meant to keep coal projector electrodes dry. In harsh conditions of the Arctic Sea no insert from organic rubber can stand the test, because the ambient temperature is well below zero, whereas the insert is heated by the voltage arc to 300 °C. Only an insert from silicone rubber successfully operates at such temperature changes. 

In applications such as the Arctic sea ice model (Chapman et al., 1994) mentioned above, a strategic objective of a preliminary computer experiment is screening finding the important input variables. Screening is not a trivial task because the computer model is typically complex, and the relationships between input variables and output variables are not obvious. A common approach is to approximate the relationship by a statistical surrogate model, which is easier to explore. This is particularly useful when there are many input variables. 

Report from the Select Committee on the Expedition to the Arctic Seas... 

Table 5.1 Annual freshwater discharge of major rivers to the Arctic sea...

Anderson, L. and Dyrssen, D. (1989) Chemical oceanography of the Arctic Ocean, in The Arctic Seas (ed. Y. Herman), Van Nostrand Reinhold, pp. 93-114. 

Melnikov, I. (1997) The Arctic Sea Ice System, Gordon and Beach Science Publishers, Amsterdam. 

The majority of the north-east Atlantic disposals were of low-level solid waste at depths of 1500-5000 m, but the Arctic Sea disposals consist of various types of waste from reactors with spent fuel to containers with low-level solid waste dumped in fairly shallow waters ranging from about 300 m depth in the Kara Sea to less than 20 m depth in some fiords on the east coast of Novaya Zemlya. 

The Russian Federation possesses a powerful ice breaker transport fleet which offers a solution for important socio-economic tasks of the country s northern regions by maintaining year-round navigation along the Arctic sea route. 

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