Surrogate model

P. W. Lumiann, W. P. L. Carter, and L. A. Coyner, M Surrogate Species Chemical Reaction Mechanism for Urban-Scale Mir Quality Simulation Models, Report No. EPA/600/3-87-014, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, N.C., 1987. 

Detailed sampling can include, but is not limited to, the installation of monitoring well networks. After the wells have been installed, aquifer tests are typically performed. Once the aquifer tests are performed and the aquifer characteristics are determined, time series sampling for a given contaminant, or a surrogate, is undertaken. The combined results of these efforts provide the basis for development of a treatment strategy. Modeling can be used as part of this effort to help determine the best technical and most cost-effective techniques to be used at a site. 

Ideally, pharmacological data should directly be fit to specific models and parameters derived from the direct fit. However, there are cases where the specific models predict surrogate parameters that can be derived without fitting data to the specific model. This can be an advantage. For example, the equation for simple competitive antagonism of receptors (see Section 6.3) is... 

NoV are readily transferred from hands to fomites and vice versa (Bidawid et al., 2004 D Souza et al., 2006). The pronoimced environmental stability of NoV particles also contributes to the spread of outbreaks from point sources of surface contamination. All stability studies have made use of surrogate organisms to model NoV response to conditions, since the human virus is not easily grown in cell culture (Duizer et al., 2004b Straub et al., 2007). The murine norovirus (MNV) and the feline calicivirus (FCV) have both been used, with the mouse virus providing more... 

Bae, J. and Schwab, K. J. (2008). Evaluation of murine norovirus, feline calicivirus, poliovirus, and MS2 as surrogates for human norovirus in a model of viral persistence in surface water and groundwater. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 74, 477- 84. 

Buckow, R., Isbarn, S., Knorr, D., Heinz, V., and Lehmacher, A. (2008). Predictive model for inactivation of feline calidvirus, a norovirus surrogate, by heat and high hydrostatic pressure. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 74,1030-1038. 

Mainly, the available models have been developed based on the fugacity approach, which use the fugacity as surrogate of concentration, for the compilation and solution of mass-balance equations involved in the description of chemicals fate. However, a new... 

The tissue surrogates described here clearly represent a simplification of real FFPE tissues. However, they represent a useful and efficient construct for the evaluation and optimization of tissue extraction conditions for proteomic studies. More informative studies will likely be realized by using more complex tissue surrogates, which can be created by incorporating additional proteins into lysozyme solutions. Tissue surrogates comprised of up to five proteins have been successfully analyzed by MS (Fowler, unpublished data). Additionally, RNA, DNA, lipids, or carbohydrates can be added at nanomolar to millimolar concentrations to increase the complexity of the model system to better mimic whole tissue. The use of these more complex tissue surrogates should facilitate the development of protein recovery protocols optimal for proteomic investigation. 

Fowler CB, Cunningham RE, O Leary TJ, et al. Tissue surrogates as a model for archival formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissues. Lab. Invest. 2007 87 836-846. 

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