Textile application process

This section provides an overview of the synthesis of dyes and pigments used in textiles and related industries. Dyes are soluble at some stage of the application process, whereas pigments, in general, retain essentially their particulate or crystalline form during application. A dye is used to impart color to materials of... 

The traditional use of dyes is in the coloration of textiles, a topic covered in considerable depth in Chapters 7 and 8. Dyes are almost invariably applied to the textile materials from an aqueous medium, so that they are generally required to dissolve in water. Frequently, as is the case for example with acid dyes, direct dyes, cationic dyes and reactive dyes, they dissolve completely and very readily in water. This is not true, however, of every application class of textile dye. Disperse dyes for polyester fibres, for example, are only sparingly soluble in water and are applied as a fine aqueous dispersion. Vat dyes, an important application class of dyes for cellulosic fibres, are completely insoluble materials but they are converted by a chemical reduction process into a water-soluble form that may then be applied to the fibre. There is also a wide range of non-textile applications of dyes, many of which have emerged in recent years as a result of developments in the electronic and reprographic... 

The initial objective of this series of books has been to establish a coherent body of explanatory information on the principles and application technology of relevance for students preparing to take the Associateship examinations of the Society. This particular book has been directed specifically to the subject areas covered by Section A of Paper B the organic chemistry and application of dyes and pigments and of the auxiliaries used with them in textile coloration processes. However, many qualified chemists and colourists interested in the properties of colorants and their auxiliaries have found the First Edition useful as a work of reference. For several reasons it has been convenient to divide the material into two separate volumes 1. Colorants, 2. Auxiliaries. Although fluorescent brighteners share some features in common with colorants, they have been treated as auxiliary products in this book. 

Other Fiber Deformations. Deformations such as bending, torsion, shear, and compression are of practical importance in textile applications. Bending and twisting of yams, both influential in the development of bulk and stretch in filament yams, are also important in the production of staple yams. Bending characteristics are important in cmsh resistance in carpets. Bending and shear are factors that influence the hand and drape of apparel fabrics, whereas compression influences the recovery of fabrics after such processes as winding. 

FIBERS. The field of fibers is an evolving one. with new technologies being developed constantly. With ihe increasing use of fibers in non-traditional textile applications, such as geoiexliles (qv). fiber-reinforced composites, specialty absorption media, and as materials of construction, new fiber types and new processing technologies can be anticipated. 

The studies and developments described in this book focus on the latter application, which is the development of sensors, with the aim of generating information from textile wet processes by immersing the developed sensor in the process bath and measuring parameters such as temperature, pH and concentration of the active compound. With this information, it is possible to improve and optimise the envisaged processes. 

The application of enzymes in textile finishing becomes more and more important. Enzymes offer an ecologically benign alternative to common textile chemical processes, and totally new possibilities and chances to the textile finisher. Common applications of enzymes in the textile industry include improvement of softness, shine, and smoothness (biofinishing) creation of washout effects on blue denim through use of cellulases instead of pumice stones. 

The most important distinguishing characteristic of reactive dyes is that they form covalent bonds with the substrate that is to be colored during the application process. Thus, the dye molecule contains specific functional groups that can undergo addition or substitution reactions with the OH, SH, and NH2 groups present in textile fibers. 

Disperseand Reactive Dyes (see also Section 4.2.2). Reactive dyes are often used to dye the cellulose portion of PES-CEL blends because the coloring possibilities of reactive dyes are especially diverse, and a large number of relatively easy application processes produce dyeings that are sufficiently fast for the clothing sector and, frequently, for household textiles. 

Tt is often desirable to increase the surface free energy of a synthetic polymer to alleviate such processing or end-use problems as static buildup, poor wettability, dyability, printability, or adherability, and poor stain-release or soil redeposition properties in textile applications. One method for accomplishing this is to graft copolymerize hydrophilic monomers onto the polymer molecules in the surface using ionizing radia-... 

Acid dyes include metal-complexed azo structures, where the metals used are cobalt, chromium, and iron.10 Examples are 1 1 and 2 3 chromium complexes and 1 2 cobalt complexes, where the numbers employed represent the ratio of metal atoms to dye molecules. Metal-complexed dyes can be formed inside textile fibers by treating suitably dyed fibers with a solution containing metal ions.11 In this case, the metal-free forms of these azo dyes are known as mordant dyes and contain mainly ortho, ortho -bis-hydroxy or ortho-carboxy, ortho -hydroxy groups (e.g., C.I. Mordant Black 11, Mordant Yellow 8, and Mordant Orange 6). When the metal complexes are formed prior to the dye application process, the resultant dyes are known as... 

Once it is ascertained that a consolidant meets the original criteria of increasing tensile and tearing strength (or at least not decreasing them) while maintaining hand and flexibility and that the application process will not harm the fabric, it will be possible, and necessary, to address the questions of long term effects of treatment with the material. Only when this final characteristic is known will a consolidant be considered for use in the textile conservation laboratory. 

Application To produce polyesters for resin and textile applications from terephthalic acid (PTA) or dimethyl terephthalate (DMT) and diols [ethylene glycol (EG) or others], using the UIF-proprietary four-reactor(4R)-process including DISCAGE-finisher. 

Elbadawi A M, Eoam application the future of textile wet processing . International... 

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