Test Site Protection

The factors considered above under Plant Protection are also applicable to the protection of test facilities. Hpwever, one must consider the variety of operations conducted by various groups at a large test site. Numerous problems are often encountered because of the transitory nature of the operations. For this reason, a safety 

Kintz and Frances C. Hill, Safety at Gas-Processing Plants, Bureau of Mines Bulletin 588, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 1960, pp. 1-98. 

Armistead, Jr., Safety in Petroleum Refining and Related Industries, Simmons, New York, 1950, pp. 1-416. 

Liston, Safety Aspects of Site Selection, Plant Layout, and Unit Plot, in Howard H. Fawcett and William S. Wood (editors). Safety and Accident Prevention in Chemical Operations, John Wiley and Sons, New York, 1965, pp, 35-62. 

Joseph L. Cost, Design and Construction for Safety, in Cryogenic Safety, A Summary Report of the Cryogenic Safety Conference, July 1959, Air Products, Inc., Allentown, Pa., 1960, pp. 31-40. 

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As with laboratory operations, basic safety considerations in low-temperature plants and test sites are similar to those in many chemicalprocessing plants. For example, many of the items considered by Kintz and Hill in their study of safety at gas-processing plants are also applicable to cryogenic facilities. Many of these are also discussed by Armistead, Liston, and Cost." They are considered here under six categories—design concepts, maintenance, normal and emergency operations, personnel protection, and plant and test site protection. 

The SPE is defined as the ratio of the time required to produce a perceptible erythema on a site protected by a specified dose of the uv protectant product to the time required for minimal erythema development in the unprotected skin. An SPE of 8 indicates that the product allows a subject to expose the protected skin 8 times as long as the unprotected skin to produce the minimum erythema response. The measurement can be quite subjective unless skin color and the history of reactions to sun exposure of the test subjects are taken into account. The MED range for Caucasians at 300 nm averages 34 mj/cm. The range is 14—80 mj/cm. Perspiration or the use of artificial irradiation devices can create additional problems. 

On-site commissioning tests of protection equipment must be carried out in a planned logical manner, and arranged so that the disturbance of tested equipment is minimized. 

Size of test site B Depends on study design. The minimum area required for a typical large-plot design is about 0.25 ha Test site must allow for test design plus sufficient buffer zone around perimeter of field to protect against external disturbance For bare-soil studies, shady sites should be avoided Continued overleaf)... 

Spatially heterogenous distributions of crop protection products, within and among test sites, will result from well controlled applications. The soil CEF concentrations ranged from a high of 2.3 qgg at one station on site 1 Day 0 to none detected in 10 samples from various stations several days post-application. The measured mean soil CEF concentrations were between 0.2 and 1.0qgg on Day 0. The theoretical CEF concentration immediately after application was calculated to be... 

Johnson and Rowell (1988) found that some protection against marine borers was obtained by acetylating wood, but this was lower than that obtained with CCA or creosote treatment. Larsson Brelid etal. (2000) also found that acetylation provided only slight protection against attack in a marine environment. However, Westin etal. (2004b) exposed five acetylated pine samples (21 % WPG) at a marine test site, and found that four of these were free from attack after 4 years exposure. Untreated pine sapwood samples had failed after 1 year due to heavy attack by Teredo navalis. 

In another example, in 2004 a judge ordered the USDA to identify the Hawaiian locations of four companies operating open air test sites for bio-pharmaceutical crops. The order had been earlier denied as it was considered to contain confidential business information protected from disclosure under federal law. Public disclosure could result in the destruction of the fields by anti-GM extremists. Vandalism such as this does little to protect the health of the public or the environment. Rather, it causes the dispersal of transgenic crops into the environment, thus creating the very harm feared by these adversaries (Jaffe, 2004a). 

During the course of a study a number of apparatus and materials will be utilised for various purposes. Technical equipment, instruments and apparatus will be required either directly for the generation, storage and retrieval of study data, or indirectly for the control and maintenance of suitable environmental conditions. Materials of the most varied kind, like bedding for animals, animal feed, test system containers, bags and jars for the collection of samples and specimens, spare and service parts for equipment, or protective clothing will have to be utilised in the test facilities and test sites, and these materials... 

Field tests include those in which specimens are surrounded by aggressive soils, atmospheres, or waters (seawater). Atmospheric and water tests, which are performed both on unprotected and on protected (coated) materials, require special methods (DIN 50 917 1979). Here it is important that control specimens be tested simultaneously in order to predetermine the corrosive conditions at the testing site. 

On offshore platforms, duplex systems (galvanizing plus a three-coat non-saponifiable paint system) have protected against rust for 10-20 years. A test site on Heligoland run by a German steel association provides more data (Schwenk and Friehe, 1972). 

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