Terminology and classification

The term hydrocarbon resins refers to hydrocarbon oligomers derived from coke-oven gas, coal-tar fractions, cracked and deeply cracked petroleum stocks, essentially pure hydrocarbon feeds, and turpentines. Typical hydrocarbon resins (HRs) include coumarone—indene resins (ClRs), petroleum resins (PRs), styrene polymers (SPs), cyclopentadiene resins (CPRs), and terpene resins (TRs). 

The term CIR refers to HRs obtained by oligomerization of the resin formers recovered from coke-oven gas and in the distillation of coal tar and derivatives thereof, such as phenol-modified CIRs. 

The term PR refers to hydrocarbon resins obtained by the catalytic oligomerization of deeply cracked petroleum stocks. These petroleum stocks generally contain mixtures of resin formers such as styrene, methyl styrene, vinyl toluene, indene, methyl indene, butadiene, isoprene, piperylene, and pentylenes. The so-called polyalkylaromatic resins fall into this classification. 

The term SP refers to low molecular weight homopolymers of styrene as well as copolymers containing styrene and other comonomers such as a-methyl styrene, vinyl toluene, butadiene, and the like when prepared with substantially pure monomer. 

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Solecki R, Btirgin H, Buschmann J et al (2001) Harmonisation of rat fetal terminology and classification. Report of the third workshop on the terminology in developmental toxicology, Berlin, 14-16 September 2000. Reprod Toxicol 15 713-721... 

Solecki R, Bergmann B, Biirgin H et al (2003) Harmonization of rat fetal external and visceral terminology and classification. Report of the Fomth Workshop on the Terminology in Developmental Toxicology, Berlin, 18-20 April 2002. Reprod Toxicol 17 625-637... 

Noirot C. and Quennedey A. (1991) Glands, gland cells, glandular units Some comments on terminology and classification. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Fr. (NS). 27, 123-128. 

The terminology and classification of fault-rocks and seal types is not yet universally agreed (Knipe, 1992a Knott, 1993). The classification presented below is based on identification of the main process responsible for the reduction in permeability associated with the faults. Mechanistic terms have been combined with textural descriptive terms to provide a more expansive nomenclature system which covers the most common fault rocks and seat types. The fault seal types and associated fault-rock types can be divided into two broad categories ... 

A complete overview of the signature schemes with new security properties is given in Chapter 6, after more terminology and classification criteria have been introduced in Chapters 4 and 5. 

The development of various EIA procedures has led to confusing terminology and classifications, which are often misleading concerning their fundamental features and tend to obscure their relative merits. Not surprisingly, many comparative studies produced inconclusive results. The frequent comparison of the relative merits of radioactive and enzyme labels, as evaluated in RIA by saturation analysis and in ELISA by immunometric analysis, is basically faulty since the underlying principles of these assays are different (Ekins, 1980). Here, EIA will be classified according to their essential differences to expose the inherent limitations and potentials of each assay EIA are based either on Activity Amplification (AA) or Activity Modulation (AM). 

Dragalin V (2006). Adaptive designs terminology and classification. Drug Information J 40 425-435. 

Diastohc dysfunction plays a role in the presentation of some types of cardiomyopathy. The cardiomyopathies represent a variety of diseases affecting the myocardium in either a diffuse or multifocal manner that frequently results in HE The terminology and classification used for the cardiomyopathies are confusing owing to overlap among the diseases and/or classification schemes. Cardiomyopathies sometimes are defined according to etiology or as primary or secondary... 

Chapter 4). It is unnecessary to repeat this discussion except to note that this particular aspect of coal science (petrography) deals with the individual components of coal as an organic rock (Chapter 4) whereas the nomenclature, terminology, and classification systems are intended for application to the whole coal. Other general terms that are often applied to coal include rank and grade, which are two terms that describe the particular characteristics of coal. 

In small channels, a number of flow patterns can be observed, and the same terminology and classifications as in large channels are commonly used. Because of the dominance of the surface tension forces, stratified flow is rarely observed in small channels. In general, bubble flow appears at low gas flow rates. As the gas flow rate increases, Taylor bubbles form. With further increase in the gas flow rate, annular flow appears with the liquid forming an annulus which wets the wall. At high gas and liquid flow rates, chum flow occurs where there is a liquid film at the wall and the gas flow in the center is interrupted by the firequent appearance of frothy bubbles and slugs. 

The coding system shall help to define the bioresources place in the chain, to design and evaluate utilization options, as well as to work sector-comprehensive and sectorconnecting. It can be built on existing coding systems. Some sectors connected with bioresources have already terminologies and classification systems, which are adjusted to the primary goal of the respective sector. 

The terminology and classification of the histiocytic disorders has recently been revised and simplified (Vassallo et al. 2000 Favara and Feller 1997). LCH is a term that encompasses three historical clinical conditions, namely Hand-Schuller-Christian disease, Letterer-Siwe disease and eosinophilic granuloma the term histiocytosis X was first used in 1953 to encompass all three disorders (Lichtenstein 1953). Whilst the basic dichotomy between localised and systemic disease remains in the new classification, the older eponymous titles have been rejected (Favara and Feller 1997), and all patients, regardless of the site(s) of disease, are deemed to have LCH. 

Cummings, J.H. and Stephen, A.M. (2007) Carbohydrate terminology and classification. EurJ Clin Nulr 61, 5-18. 

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