Field term

The r values from Eq. (5-1) for the most important materials for pipe coatings are given in Table 5-1. Table 5-2 contains results of long-term field experiments. For comparison, the values of r°are included in Table 5-1. It can be seen that values are always smaller than r values, which is apparently due to the absorption of water when the coating is immersed in the medium. A marked reduction in the coating resistance has been observed with increasing temperature for resins [9,13,14] (see Fig. 5-2 [14]). 

Moser, T.J., Nash, T.H. III. Olafsen, A.G. (1983). Photosynthetic recovery on arctic caribou forage lichens following a long-term field sulfur dioxide fumigation. Canadian Journal of Botany, 61, 367-70. 

There can be little doubt that certain stresses have characteristic demographic consequences both for populations and for plant parts and it is also evident that, according to taxonomic and evolutionary history, species and genotypes may differ in their responses to the same stress. Thus, demographic study is often a useful preliminary to analysis of the causation and evolutionary origins of particular stress responses. However, some demographers go further and advocate long-term field observation as the only reliable way forward ... 

Recent trials and long-term field tests have shown that the combined application of plasmanitriding and physical vapor deposited (PVD) hard-coating currently appears to be the best solution, both in terms of improved wear life and antisticking characteristics. 

Bohme L, Langer U, Bohme F (2005) Microbial biomass, enzyme activities and microbial community structure in two European long-term field experiments. AgrEcosyst Environ 109 141-152... 

Campbell CA, Janzen HH, Juma NG (1997) Case studies of soil quality in the Canadian prairies long-term field experiments. In Gregorich EG, Carter MR (eds) Soil quality for crop production and ecosystem health. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 351-397... 

Leinweber P, Schulten HR, Korschens M (1995) Hot water extracted organic matter chemical composition and temporal variations in a long-term field experiment. Biol Fertil Soils 20 17-23... 

Balesdent J, Wagner GH, Mariotti A (1988) Soil organic matter turnover in long term field experiments as revealed by carbon 13 natural abundance. Soil Sci Soc Am J 52 118-124... 

Bryan, G.W., P.E. Gibbs, G.R. Burt, and L.G. Hummerstone. 1987. The effects of tributyltin (TBT) accumulation on adult dog-whelks, Nucella lapillus long-term field and laboratory experiments. Jour. Mar. Biol. Assoc. U.K. 67 525-544. 

Chang, A.C., A.L. Page, J.E. Wameke, M.R. Resketo, and T.E. Jones. 1983. Accumulation of cadmium and zinc in barley grown on sludge-treated soils a long-term field study. Jour. Environ. Qual. 12 391-397. 

Folmar, L.C. 1980. Effects of short-term field applications of acrolein and 2,4-D (DMA) on flavor of the flesh of rainbow trout. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 24 217-224. 

Dilly O, Nannipieri P (2001) Organic and mineral fertilization, respectively, increase and decrease the development of external mycelium of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in a long-term field experiment. Biol Fert Soils 34 64-72... 

Widmer F, Rasche F, Hartmann M, Fliessbach A (2006) Community structures and substrate utilization of bacteria in soils from organic and conventional farming systems of the DOK long term field experiment. Appl Soil Ecol 33 294-307... 

Zaller JG, Kopke U (2004) Effects of traditional and biodynamic farmyard manure amendment on yields, soil chemical, biochemical and biological properties in a long-term field experiment. Biol Fert Soils 40 222-229... 

Long-term field trials in England have shown that N efficiency of cattle slurry applications declined once the application rate exceeded pasture plant requirements [7], The cattle slurry was reported to be 90% as efficient as ammonium nitrate fertiliser when applied at 300kg N/ha compared with 63% efficient at 600kg N/ha and that the efficiency varied with season of application, being most effective in spring. 

Short-term costs for in situ bioremediation with natural gas injection are derived using actual short-term field tests to calculate a cost per pound of VOCs remediated. Costs are as follows ... 

When the applied electric field reaches a few volts per angstrom range, atoms on a surface, irrespective of whether they are lattice atoms or adsorbed atoms and of whether the surface temperature is high or low, may start to emit out of the surface in the form of ions. This high electric field produced evaporation phenomenon is usually called field evaporation if the surface atoms are lattice atoms, and is called field desorption if they are adsorbed atoms. From a theoretical point of view there are no fundamental differences. We will use the term field desorption for general purposes, especially for theoretical discussions, since desorption is the term used in many other adsorption-desorption phenomena. When we specifically mean removal of lattice atoms by electric field the term field evaporation will be used. Sometimes field evaporation is used where it may mean both field evaporation and field desorption. 

Table 2.2 Examples of differences in soil physical, biological and chemical characteristics of soil fertility in long-term field trials that include organic... 

Siegrist, S., Schaub, D., Piffner, N. and Mader, P. 1998. Does organic agriculture reduce soil erodibility The results of a long-term field trial on loess in Switzerland. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 69 253-264. 

Alfoldi, T. and Niggli, U. 1994. Input and output of energy for different crops in bio-dynamic, bio-organic and conventional production systems in a long-term field trial in Switzerland. In Borin, M. and Sattin, M. (eds) Proceedings of the Third Congress of the European Society for Agronomy, Padova University, Padova, pp. 650-651. 

Granstedt, A. and Kjellenberg, L. 1997. Long-term field experiment in Sweden effects of organic and inorganic fertilizers on soil fertility and crop quality. In Lockeretz, W. (ed.) Agricultural Production and Nutrition. Tufts University, Boston, pp. 79-90. 

USDA 2006. Long-Term Field Experiment to Evaluate Sustainability of Organic and Conventional Cropping Systems. United States Department of Agriculture, Washington DC. research/projects/projects.htm ACCN NO=407791>. Accessed 17/1/06. 

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