Teratology factors

Datson, G.P., Yonker, J.E., Powers, J.F. and Heitmeyer, S.A. (1989). Difference in teratogenic potency of ethylenethiourea in rats and mice Relative contribution of embryonic and maternal factors. Teratology 40 555-556. 

Khera KS (1984) Maternal toxicity—a possible factor in fetal malformations in mice. Teratology 29 411 16... 

Khera KS (1985) Maternal toxicity a possible etiological factor in embryo-fetal death and fetal malformation of rodent-rabbit species. Teratology 31 129-15 3... 

Dunner DL, Eieve RR Clinical factors in lithium carbonate prophylaxis failure. Arch Gen Psychiatry 30 229-233, 1974 Edmonds LD, Oakley GP Ebstein s anomaly and maternal lithium exposure during pregnancy. Teratology 41 551-552, 1990 Emrich HM Studies with oxcarbazepine (Trileptal) in acute mania. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 5 83-88, 1990... 

Sample Volume <100 L, High Concentration Factors. Lyophiliza-tion is a feasible process for concentrating limited numbers of 50-100-L samples to relatively high degrees of concentration (e.g., 3000-fold to dryness). Thus, it is one method of choice for the preparation of samples for in vivo tests (including teratology tests). 

There are a number of theoretical and practical factors that have to be taken into account in behavioral teratology. A complete overview can be found in literature (refs. 62, 109, 167-169). In this section only some of the most important problems are discussed. 

Calamandrei G, Ricceri L, Santucci D, et al. 1996. Neurobehavioural abnormalities during neonatal development in a rodent model The role of neurotrophic factors. Teratology 53 22A. 

Yasuda M, Nariat M. 1989. Modification of teratogenicity of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin in mice with various factors [Abstract], Teratology (Japanese Teratology Society Abstracts) 40 678. 

There are also issues related to statistical analyses of the data that are unique to behavioral teratology. The offspring of a given litter are not considered as individual subjects since, as members of a litter, they have all experienced factors of the fetal environment which may be unique to their dam. This means that the total number of subjects in a treatment group is really equivalent to the total number of litters represented in that group, a factor which can change the degrees of freedom in the statistical analyses. 

Harper PA, Riddick DS, Okey AB (2006) Regulating the regulator factors that control levels and activity of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor. Biochem Pharmacol 72 267-279 Hassoun EA, Stohs SJ (1996) Comparative teratological studies on TCDD, endrin and lindane in C57BL/6J and DBA/2J mice. Comp Biochem Physiol C Pharmacol Toxicol Endocrinol 113 393-398... 

The data base requirements have been met in that there are subchronic toxicity studies in two species (sheep and rats), teratology studies in two species (rats and rabbits), a modified dominant lethal study in rats, a delayed neuropathy study in chickens, and a multigeneration study in rats. In addition, there are substantial human data supporting the RfD. The uncertainty associated with the absence of a chronic toxicity study is accounted for in UFs. No modifying factor is required in the derivation of the RfD for VX. 

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