Temperature-responsive Subject

Figure 34. Temperature response of (a, left) cycled lithium (Li/Mn02) and (b, right) lithium ion (coke/LiCo02) cells subjected to a 140 °C hot box test. These cells contain LiAsFe/EC/PC and LiPFe/PC/DEC as electrolytes, respectively, and were cycled at room temperature to the indicated cycle numbers. Note that the thermal runaway occurs for a lithium cell that has been cycled 25 times due to the formation of high surface area lithium, while extended cycling actually offers better safety to lithium ion cells (Reproduced with permission from ref 348 (Figures 1 and 4). Copyright 1994 Elsevier.)...

The behavior of complex dynamical systems can be analyzed and represented in a number of ways. Figure 1 represents one such approach, a constraint-response plot. A constraint, in this case [A], is any variable which the experimenter can control directly. A response, [X]ss in this case, is a measurable property of the system which depends upon the constraint values. The constraints are the external variables, e.g., the temperature of the bath surrounding the reactor or the reservoir concentrations, while the responses are the internal variables, e.g., the temperature or concentration of species in the reactor. The phase trajectory diagram of Fig. 4 is one type of response-response plot. Obviously, in a complex system, there will be several constraints and responses subject to independent (or coupled) variation. 

Rubbers are fascinating materials for study (as well as having enormous importance in technological applications) because they combine characteristics typical of the three states of matter. Uncrosslinked, they resemble liquids in their flow behavior. Crosslinked, they are able to recover their original dimensions after being severely deformed (stretched, compressed or sheared) above their glass temperatures. Rubbers or elastomers however resemble solids in their resistance to flow and to maintain their shape, if crosslinked and below their glass temperature, when subjected to deformation. Finally, as mentioned below, an explanation for their response to deformation can be described in terms of the behavior of a perfect gas. 

Figure 2.11 Change in strain (a) and temperature (b) of SWNT-LCE nanocomposite films under IR stimulus, (a) The strain responses to an IR stimulus in five different SWNT-LCE nanocomposite films 0.2 wt% SWNT-LCE nanocomposite films subjected to 16 min of curing and different percentages of hot-drawing (I. 160%, II. 130%, and III. 70%) and 0.1 wt% SWNT-LCE nanocomposite films subjected to 200% hot-drawing and different curing times (IV. 16 min, and V. 20 min), (b) The temperature responses to an IR stimulus in SWNT-LCE nanocomposite films with 0.1 and 0.2 wt% PPE-SWNT loading levels. Reprinted by permission from Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH Co. KGaA. ...

The experiment was conducted in an environmental chamber at 24°C (76°F), 60% relative humidity, air velocity less than 0.15 m/s (< 30 ft/min), and 15 air changes per hour. These conditions represent the "worst case" scenario based on the acceptable operating room conditions recommended by ASHRAE (7), The subjects were acclimated to the environmental conditions for 45 minutes while dressing and being instrumented with skin sensors. The skin temperature sensors were placed on the inner lower arm, chest, and calf. The subjects skin temperatures and subjective responses were recorded every 30 minutes during the two hour session. 

It has been increasingly evident that the response of vascular beds to heat in tumors differs considerably firom that in normal tissues. The effective clinical use of hyperthermia depends on a careful application of these biological priiKiples emerging from experimental work. More experimental measurements of temperature response are needed for different tumor types at different ages. It is also important to evaluate the applicability of the dynamic response measrrred in animal to human subjects. Another issue to be addressed is the hyperthermia-itrduced blood flow change in drug delivery, since the reduced tumor blood flow may decrease the drug delivered to the tumors. 

Membrane lipids are involved in the temperature responses of plants (see Raison, this volume. Chapter 2). Damage caused by freezing or subjecting cold-sensitive plants to low temperatures results in a loss of membrane lipids. A dramatic demonstration of this is the major loss of galactolipid (up to 100%) that occurs when potato leaves are subjected to -4°C (Rodinov,... 

FIGURE 18.9 SUiematic showing Battery Association of Japan (BAJ) internai short evaiuation method and the typicai voltage-temperature response from Li-ion cells subjected to this test. (For color version of this figure, the reader is referred to the online version of this book.)... 

While stress may be due to limited water availability, stress may also be due to temperature. Plants subjected to low temperatures are known to accumulate similar low molecular weight metabolites. This presumably is an evolutionary response directed towards lowering the freezing point of the plant tissue to enhance survival of frost damage. 

ISO EN 9886 presents the principles, methods, and interpretation of measurements of relevant human physiological responses to hot, moderate, and cold environments. The standard can be used independently or to complement other standards. Four physiological measures are considered body core temperature, skin temperature, heart rate, and body mass loss. Comments are also provided on the technical requirements, relevance, convenience, annoyance to the subject, and cost of each of the physiological measurements. The use of ISO 9886 is mainly for extreme cases, where individuals are exposed to severe environments, or in laboratory investigations into the influence of the thermal environment on humans. 

In such an instance it is important to fix the responsibility definitely. So far as peas are concerned, the question may be effectively settled by testing the samples for catalase activity. The absence of positive catalase activity should relieve the packer of responsibility with regard to his processing technique and warrant the conclusion that the product has been subjected to elevated temperature conditions. 

Pain can be defined as an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience that is associated with actual or potential tissue damage. Pain is subjective, and the patient s report of pain should always be taken seriously. Pain management in acute and chronic illness is an important responsibility of the nurse Many nurses consider pain as the fifth vital sign and assessment of pain just as important as the assessment of temperature, pulse, respirations, and blood pressure Accurate assessment of pain is necessary if pain management is to be effective Fhtients with pain are often undertreated. 

---