Temperature-responsive liquid

Kanazawa, H., Kashiwase, Y, Yamamoto, K., Matsushima, Y, Kikuchi, A., Sakurai, Y, and Okano, T. Temperature responsive liquid chromatography 2. Effect of hydrophobic groups in A-isopropylacrylamide copolymer-modified silica, Anal. Chem., 1997, 69, 823-830. 

Kanazawa H, Kashiwase Y, Yamamoto K et al. Temperature-responsive liquid chromatography. 2. Effects of hydrophobic groups in N-isopropylacrylamide copolymer-modified silica. Anal Chem 1997 69 823-830. 

When liquid content of the feed is high, a condenser and a separator are needed. The liquid-to-gas ratio can be as high, so that even at reaction temperatures a liquid phase is present. The reactor still performs as a CSTR, however the response time for changes will be much longer than for vapor phase alone. Much lower RPM will be needed for liquid-phase studies (or liquid and gas phase experiments) since the density of the pumped fluid is an order-of-magnitude greater than for vapor phase alone. In this case a foamy mixture or a liquid saturated with gas is recirculated. 

Here, Q is the heat energy input per area p and Cp are the density and specific heat capacity, respectively and indices g, d, and s refer to the gas, metal, and liquid sample layers, respectively. With Eq. (106), the thermal conductivity of the sample liquid is obtained from the measured temperature response of the metal without knowing the thermal conductivity of the metal disk and the thickness of the sample liquid. There is no constant characteristic of the apparatus used. Thus, absolute measurement of thermal conductivity is possible, and the thermal conductivities of molten sodium and potassium nitrates have been measured. ... 

In the laser flash method, a melt of interest is placed between two parallel plates. The upper plate is heated stepwise and the thermal diffusiv-ity is measured from the rise in temperature. The specific design for molten materials and especially slags employed by Ohta et al. is based on the differential three-layer technique utihzing a special cell that can be accommodated in the system. A schematic diagram of the principle of the measurement section is shown in Fig. 31. A laser pulse irradiates the upper (platinum) crucible and the temperature response of the surface of the lower platinum crucible is observed, a liquid specimen being sandwiched between the two. 

The temperature response of the measurement element shown in Fig. 2.13 is strictly determined by four time constants, describing a) the response of the bulk liquid, b) the response of the thermometer pocket, c) the response of the heat conducting liquid between the wall of the bulb and the wall of the pocket and d) the response of the wall material of the actual thermometer bulb. The time constants c) and d) are usually very small and can be neglected. A realistic model should, however, take into account the thermal capacity of the pocket, which can sometimes be significant. 

For a more dense liquid, such as mercury, the relationship between l and T is linear - at least over a relatively narrow range of temperatures - so a viable mercury-in-glass thermometer may be constructed. But, because the temperature response is only linear over a narrow range of temperatures, we need to exercise... 

Courtois, D. and Guern, J. 1980. Temperature response of Catharanthus roseus cells cultivated in liquid medium. Plant Science Letters, 17 473 82. 

The mesogenic structures of glycolipids are due to the occurrence, on the same molecule, of a hydrophilic and a hydrophobic moiety often referred to as head and tail respectively. As a result, glycolipids are able to self-organize into a large variety of mesophases also called liquid crystals (Fig. 2) [ 10]. Supramolecular assemblies of mesogenic compounds can be caused by a rise in temperature (thermotropic liquid crystals) or by the addition of water (lyotropic liquid crystals) they result from different responses of the carbohydrate and the alkyl chain to temperature or solvent (water), respectively. 

The classic example of a NEAS is a supercooled liquid cooled below its glass transition temperature. The liquid solidifies into an amorphous, slowly relaxing state characterized by huge relaxational times and anomalous low frequency response. Other systems are colloids that can be prepared in a NEAS by the sudden reduction/increase of the volume fraction of the colloidal particles or by putting the system under a strain/stress. 

Ding, S.F., Xu, M.Q., Zhao, G.C., and Wei, X.W., Direct electrochemical response of Myoglobin using a room temperature ionic liquid, l-(2-hydroxyethyl)-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate, as supporting electrolyte, Electrochem. Commun., 9, 216-220,2007. 

The most common azeotropes (3,4) formed by the butanols are given in Table 2. Butyl alcohol liquid vapor pressure/temperature responses (5,6), which are important parameters in direct solvent applications, are presented in Figure 1. Similarly, viscosity/temperature plots (1) for the four butanols are presented in Figure 2. 

The possibi Lity of mixed solution and adsorption phenomena contributing to chromatographic retention must be considered. Several factors are responsible for retention in GC, including bulk liquid partition, liquid interfacial adsorption, and solid support adsorption. One or all of these factors may play a major role depending upon the experimental parameters chosen (e.g., temperature, percent liquid phase, nature of "inert" support, solute. 

Butyl alcohol liquid vapor pressure-temperature responses, which are important parameters iu direct solvenL applications, are presented in Figure 1. 

Table I is a typical daily operating report for the NFS Waste Tank Farm. It shows that temperatures, densities, liquid levels, air flow rates, etc. are observed and recorded at least three times a day. Any equipment malfunction or response to the continuously monitored alarms is reported at least once a day on a supervisor s summary report. With the required initialing of both the operator and the supervisor on each shift, at least six trained individuals are made aware of the operating status of the facilities daily. In addition, these daily reports are distributed to no less than four other responsible members of management for information and review.

Another important characteristic of viscous liquids close to Tg is nonexponential relaxation. Consider the response of a system to a perturbation, such as the polarization in response to an applied electric field, the strain (deformation) resulting from an applied stress, the stress in response to an imposed deformation, the volume response to applied pressure, or the temperature response to a heat flux. It is found experimentally that the temporal behavior of the response function 0(t), following an initial instantaneous response, can often be described by the stretched exponential, or Kohlrausch-Williams-Watts (KWW) function (Kohlrausch, 1854 Williams and Watts, 1970),... 

Weingartner H, Sasisanker P, Daguenet C et al (2007) The dielectric response of room-temperature ionic liquids effect of cation variation. J Phys Chem B 111 4775-4780... 

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