Temperature fluctuations subjected

Thus, unacceptable stresses can arise in rigid construction materials in apparatus, equipment, piping, etc. if subjected to large temperature fluctuations. For example, conventional glass is prone to failure due to thermal shock. 

In general, water at great depths in the oceans is not subject to temperature fluctuations and even in the tropics seldom exceeds 10° C. 

The irons are most useful in environments containing a plentiful supply of oxygen or oxidising agents anaerobic or reducing conditions may lead to rapid corrosion. Physical effects such as abrasion or sudden dimensional changes induced by temperature fluctuations may rupture the film and allow corrosion to take place. The iron will also be subject to corrosion by solutions containing anions, such as those of the halides, which can penetrate surface films relatively readily. 

The in situ RT-PCR process subjects tissue samples to various severe chemical and enzymatic reactions and temperature fluctuations. For that reason, silanated or positively charged slides must be used that are able to retain the tissue sample throughout the process. 

The fuel tank must be resistant to corrosion, mechanical impact, temperature fluctuations, and internal pressure increases. Caps must not permit fuel to escape when the vehicle is turning, traveling up and down steep grades, or when subjected to minor jolts. Also, the tank must be fitted with appropriate relief valves to permit the escape of excessive pressure. 

Although in theory the temperature fluctuations to which vegetables are subjected rarely go as lar as total thawing and subsequent re-lfeezing, the effect of such fluctuations at different rates can usefully be examined in order to assess the mechanical damage inflicted on tissue structure and the cumulative effect. 

Physical stability is required of the catalyst in view of high temperatures reached during the regeneration step and because it is subjected to considerable mechanical strain from external sources, such as temperature fluctuations and impact loading. 

Like in the case of immunoassays, the MIP-ILAs will be governed by the Law of Mass Action when working at equilibrium so that the reagents are under equilibrium conditions and subject to temperature fluctuations. Shaking can also affect the local concentration of reagents and the reaction rate these factors must be controlled to improve the assay precision. 

Crude sunflower oils are produced via mechanical pressing or through extraction with hexane, followed by water degumming. Most oils are stored for relatively long periods prior to refining operations. Cold-pressed crude oils, of superior edible quality, are commercialized as such. Whether unrefined or cold-pressed, the oil may be subject to temperature fluctuations. 

In contrast to these unstable operating points, consider what would happen to the reactor temperature if a reactor operating at Tji2 were subjected to very small temperature fluctuations. From Figure 8-24 we observe that a pulse increase in reactor temperature would make the heat of removal greater than the heat of generation [the i [J) curve would be above the G(T) curve] and the temperature would drop back down to. If a small pulse decrease in the reactor... 

Buffers have maximum buffer capacities near their pi a- For products that may be subjected to excessive temperature fluctuations during processing (such as sterilization or lyophilization), it is important to select... 

Crystal growth due to temperature fluctuations on storage is of minor importance, rmless suspensions are subjected to temperature variations of 20°C or more. 

A fairly trivial case is that the liquid in the vessel is subject to convection currents, e.g., due to temperature fluctuations, whereas agitation is negligible in a centrifuge (provided it has a swing-out rotor). 

Another aspect of equipment process control relates to temperature. The mechanical component of CMP is based on friction and thus is a thermal energy source. The understanding of friction under shear force conditions is central to CMP performance. The subject is covered in Chapter 3 on friction. Often different materials in the planarization process have their own energy-balance reactions, and some are exothermic in their own right. Since there is always some form of chemical interaction to complement the mechanical actions in CMP, temperature will have an effect on the process rate. Some processes, like copper planarization, are heavily chemical in nature, and thus control variations are sensitive to temperature fluctuations. 

It is useful to distinguish between two types of equilibrium states according to their response to small disturbances. To be specific, suppose a system in equilibrium is subjected to a small disturbance that is dien removed (e.g., temperature fluctuation or pressure pulse). If the system returns to its jnitial equilibrium state, this state of the system is said to be stable with respect to small sturbances. If, howeyer, the system does not return Ae initiarstate, that state is said to have been unstable. 

Diffusivity measurement methods based on analytical solutions to Eq. 4 have all had the same initial condition that the whole sample is at a constant uniform temperature. But three different types of boundary conditions have been employed first, the sample surface is subjected to a step change in temperature second the surface is subjected to a linear rate of temperature rise and third, the surface is subjected to a periodic temperature fluctuation. 

Another factor of basic importance is the thermal stability of the conditioned area against accidental or unpredicted temperature fluctuations, particularly in spaceborne applications. Satellites, especially, are subject to abrupt changes in environmental conditions. These changes may greatly affect the cryogenic system if it does not have a fairly efficient stabilizing heat capacity. 

In as much as bumblebee (Bombus) males are stingless, they are automimics of the stinging females. As such, like all Batesian mimics, one would expect the resemblance to be as close as possible. However, often it is not. Stiles (1979) has suggested that because male bees are subjected to diurnal temperature fluctuations, which the female bees are not, the sexual dimorphism may be a trade-off for the males between best mimicry and best thermoregulation. 

It should also be remembered that ambient temperature is not always 70°F (23 C). Outdoor applications, depending on the geographic location, may be subject to wide temperature fluctuations during different seasons of... 

The size of the smface of the kiln shell is subject to relatively large local temperature fluctuations, a fact which complicates the design of an absorber for the waste heat of the shell. On the one hand the average guaranteed power must be attained, on the other hand, however, the size of the absorber is not to be increased unnecessarily. The increase of the shell temperature which is caused by the erection of the absorber is not influenced by the size of the absorber. 

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