Teeth components

Phosphorus P bones, teeth component of nucleic acids, including DNA... 

Fluoridation of potable water suppHes for the prevention of dental caries is one of the principal uses for sodium fluoride (see Water, municipal WATER treatment). Use rate for this appHcation is on the order of 0.7 to 1.0 mg/L of water as fluoride or 1.5 to 2.2 mg/L as NaF (2). NaF is also appHed topically to teeth as a 2% solution (see Dentifrices). Other uses are as a flux for deoxidiziag (degassiag) rimmed steel (qv), and ia the resmelting of aluminum. NaF is also used ia the manufacture of vitreous enamels, ia pickling stainless steel, ia wood preservation compounds, caseia glues, ia the manufacture of coated papers, ia heat-treating salts, and as a component of laundry sours. 

Mu/tihearth Furnace. Multihearth furnaces are most often used for incineration of municipal and industrial sludges, and for generation and reactivation of char. The main components of the multihearth are a refractory-lined shell, a central rotating shaft, a series of soHd flat hearths, a series of rabble arms having teeth for each hearth, an afterburner (possibly above the top hearth), an exhaust blower, fuel burners, an ash removal system, and a feed system. 

Niobium carbide is used as a component of hard metals, eg, mixtures of metal carbides that are cemented with cobalt, iron, and nickel. Along with tantalum carbide, niobium carbide is added to impart toughness and shock and erosion resistance. The spiraling rise in the price of tantalum has spurred the development of a hafnium carbide—niobium carbide substitute for tantalum carbide (68). These cemented carbides are used for tool bits, drill bits, shovel teeth, and other wear-resistant components turbine blades and as dies in high pressure apparatus (see Carbides). 

Calcium Phosphates. The alkaline-earth phosphates are generally much less soluble than those of the alkaH metals. Calcium phosphates include the most abundant natural form of phosphoms, ie, apatites, Ca2Q(P0 3X2, where X = OH, F, Cl, etc. Apatite ores are the predominant basic raw material for the production of phosphoms and its derivatives. Calcium phosphates are the main component of bones and teeth. After sodium phosphates, the calcium salts are the next largest volume technical- and food-grade phosphates. Many commercial appHcations of the calcium phosphates depend on thek low solubiHties. 

Slides Fatigue fracture surfaces components failed by fatigue, e.g. gear teeth, half-... 

The concept of total body burden refers to the way a trace material accumulates in the human system. The components of the body that can store these materials are the blood, urine, soft tissue, hair, teeth, and bone. The blood and mine allow more rapid removal of trace materials than the soft tissue, hair, and bone (5). Accumulation results when trace materials are stored more rapidly than they can be eliminated. It can be reversed when the source of the material is reduced. The body may eliminate the trace material over a period of a few hours to days, or may take much longer— often years. 

The elements of the roller rock bit are shown in Figure 4-137 [45]. Roller rock bits have three major components the cone cutter, the bearings and the bit body. The cutting elements are circumferential rows of teeth extending from... 

All gear sets create a frequency component referred to as gear mesh. The fundamental gearmesh frequency is equal to the number of gear teeth times the running speed of the shaft. In addition, all gear sets create a series of sidebands or modulations that are visible on both sides of the primary gear mesh frequency. 

Like all drive components, proper alignment is crucial to the smooth operation of a chain drive. If the sprockets are not parallel and in the same plane, the chain will lose contact with the sprocket teeth and drive-train failure will occur. 

Special purpose components may be specified when enhanced flexibility and reduced wear is required. Hardened sprocket teeth, special tooth design, and barrel shaped rollers are available for special needs. Light-duty drives... 

Visually inspect coupling mechanical components (roller chains and gear teeth, and grid members) for wear and/or fatigue. 

Phosphate also plays a central role in the transmission and control of chemical energy within the cells primarily via the hydrolysis of the terminal phosphate ester bond of the adenosine triphosphate (ATP) molecule (Fig. 14-3b). In addition, phosphate is a necessary constituent of phospholipids, which are important components in cell membranes, and as mentioned before, of apatite, which forms structural body parts such as teeth and bones. It is not surprising, therefore, that the cycling of P is closely linked with biological processes. This connection is, in fact, inseparable as organisms cannot exist without P, and their existence controls, to a large extent, the natural distribution of P. 

Nanostructured materials are nothing new. Chrysotile fibers are an example (Fig. 16.22), as are bones, teeth and shells. The latter are composite materials made up of proteins and embedded hard, nanocrystalline, inorganic substances like apatite. Just as with the imitated artificial composite materials, the mechanical strength is accomplished by the combination of the components. 

Collagen is the most abundant animal protein in the body of animals, where it makes up as much as one-quarter of all the proteins. It is a fibrous protein that provides structure to and protects and supports soft tissues it also connects tissues to the skeleton. Collagen forms, for example, most of the resilient layers that make up the skin and the filaments that support the internal organs. Interwoven with bioinorganic components, collagen also makes up the bones and teeth of vertebrate animals (see Chapter 15). 

We have already seen how milk is an emulsion comprising oil as a dispersion medium in a water-based dispersion medium. Milk fats also form colloids. The aqueous component of milk contains many vitamins, especially the salts of calcium, which baby mammals need to produce strong teeth and bones. 

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