Technical and economic evaluation

Cooling core flaw. In the evens of loss of external power, primary pump shaft seizure and primary piping break, analyses show that the reactor trips automatically and the event is terminated safely in all cases. The maximum temperature of the fuel and fuel cladding remain within the limits with sufficient margins. In the event of one primary pump shaft seizing the 

Prevention of abnormal reactivity. Accidental withdrawal of control rods and passage of gas through the core during reactor operation were analyzed In both events, the reactor automatically shuts down, the event terminates safely and the maximum temperature of the fuel and fuel cladding remains within the limits with sufficient margin 

Pipe break m the cover gas system. If a pipe of the cover gas system breaks, the liquid levels in the vessels may vary due to difference of the cover gas pressure between the vessels Sodium leakage from the broken pipe and possible fires were analyzed Any leakage of sodium from the break is controlled and sodium fires can be prevented by duplicate connecting pipes between vessels with double walls in the necessary portions and by a nitrogen atmosphere This allows the liquid level to settle soon after any break 

Chemical reaction of sodium. In the event of coolant leakage caused by a secondary piping break, analyses confirm that buildings are safe since the pressure in the room and the temperature of the concrete wall do not exceed the limits 

In the event of instantaneous guillotine break of one tube in a steam generator with resultant fracture of three further tubes, analysis shows that the reactor shuts down and the event is terminated safely by several automatic operations These include blowdown of the water in the steam generator and tripping of the secondary pump The pressure generated in the secondary piping and the secondary side of the IHX is also kept below the structural integrity limit for these components 

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The starting point in the development and designing of a closed water loop system is an inventory of the amounts and the quality of the process and transport water flows which are needed for the various steps in the production process. Each production step where process or transport water is involved causes a certain amount of wastewater. The pollution of this water is strongly dependent on the process step. The selection of separate treatment steps which, together, comprise a closed loop water system is complex. As already mentioned, various complete treatment scenarios can be developed and designed to satisfy the requirements set for process and transport water and treatment of wastewater. A technical and economic evaluation, in combination with environmental sustainability assessment, is necessary to determine the treatment system which is most appropriate. 

See, for example, the Lummus Corporation s 1977 technical and economic evaluation of the Synthane Process. This study was commissioned by the US Dept, of Energy. 

Liepa MA, Borhan A (1986) High-temperature steam electrolysis Technical and economic evaluation of alternative process designs. Int J Hydrogen Energy 11 435... 

In South Africa, the large national utility, Eskom, which has an installed generation capacity of about 38,000 MWe, is in the process of performing a technical and economic evaluation of a helium-cooled pebble bed module reactor. It would be directly coupled to a gas turbine power conversion system for consideration in increasing the capacity of the utility s electrical system. 

Besides the development of the new gasifier also a technical and economic evaluation of the total process was carried out including biomass drying, air enrichment, the new gasifier and application of the gas in a gas engine. The main conclusions from this evaluation were ... 

Project—Pyrochemical Head-End, Preliminary Technical and Economic Evaluation", BLG-478, 1973. Available also as PNL-TR-356, 1979. 

Technical and economic evaluation study for the use of ceramic membrane reactors for the dehydrogenation of propane to propylene. Confidential NOVEM Report No. 33105/0090, by KTl, ECN and HlC, Jan. 1994. 

Once the options are screened and selected for further analysis, preliminary technical and economical evaluation may be required to set the priority of options and develop a preliminary action plan. 

The application of membrane reactors to methane reforming has also been evaluated in two recent studies. A technical and economic evaluation of the use of dense Pd-membrane in methane steam reforming has been presented by Aasberg-Petersen et aL [6.10]. They assumed a thin (2 Lim thick) Pd membrane, which exhibited perfect separation and, as a result, the pure hydrogen product was taken from the permeate side of the membrane. No sweep gas was used on the permeate side of the reactor. This necessitated compression of the low pressure hydrogen product. The authors concluded that membrane-based reforming using a dense film membrane became attractive only in the cases where electrical costs were low. 

Within these broad categories, there are numerous detailed production routes from primary energy sources (both fossil fuels and renewables) and manifold applications to be evaluated, each of which will impose its own individual technical and economic specifications. The role that hydrogen will play in future energy scenarios will only be known when all the remaining research and development has been completed, when demonstrations projects have been conducted and when full technical and economic evaluations have been made within the context of the prevailing energy scene at that time. 

Stitt, E.H., Reactive distillation for toluene disproportionation A technical and economic evaluation. Chemical Engineering Science, 2002, 57(9) 1537 1543. 

International Atomic Enei Agency, Technical and economic evaluation of potable water production through desalination of seawater by using nuclear energy and other means, lAEA-TECDOC-666, Vienna, 1992. 

CANDESAL Enterprises Ltd. (with contributions from AECL, BPPT and BATAN), A Technical And Economic Evaluation Of The CANDSAL Approach bi Indonesia Using Reverse Osmosis And Waste Heat From The CANDU 6 Nuclear Power Plant, Revision 1, March 1998. 

Maloney ML, Maschmeyer T, Jansen JC. Technical and economical evaluation of a zeolite membrane based heptane hydroisomerization process. Chem Eng J 2005 106 187-195. 

Reviewing, testing, redesigning, optimizing, and re-evaluating the various possibilities-, selection of the most attractive proposals, and presentation of the corresponding technical and economic evaluation. 

CiambelhP,PahnaV,Palo E,Galuszka J,GiddingsT,Iaquaniello G (2011), Technical and economical evaluation ofWGSR , in Membrane reactors for hydrogen production processes, M. De Falco, L. Marrelli, G. laquanieUo (Eds.) ISBN 978-0-85729-150-9, Springer. 

Sangarunlert W, Sukchai S, Pongtomkulpanich A, Nathakaranakule A, Luschtinetz T (2011) Technical and economic evaluation of a formic acid/hydrogtai peroxide fuel cell systean with Pt-M/C as anode catalyst. J Fuel Cell Sci Technol 8 061005-061007... 

For these reasons, I should like to expand the Hydrogen Energy concept to include hydrogen derived from fossil sources and/or used in the manufacture of synthetic fuels rather than restrict the discussion to the post-fossil fuel era. The latter is too far away for sensible technical and economic evaluation. 

Typical factors in common use are listed in Table 9-2. These factors apply to processes operating at temperatures in excess of 400 F at pressures of under 150 psig, and are taken from the AACE Recommended Practice No. 16R-90, Conducting Technical and Economic Evaluations in the Process and Utility Industries. 

Recommended Practice No. 16R-90, Conducting Technical and Economic Evaluations in the Process and Utility Industries. 

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