4-Taraxasterol

Tannin LpEOn Taraxasterol, pseudo Fr°E093 Taraxerol Fixed oil ° , Fr E093 Tetracosan-l-ol Fr fixed oipE 3 Tirucalla-7 24 dien-3-P ol Fr°E093 Fixed... 

Inula britannica L. I. japonica Thunb. I. linariaefolia Turcz. I. linariaefolia Turcz. f. simplex Kom. I. salsoloides (Turcz.) Ostenfeld Xuan Fu Hua (Elecampane) (aerial part, including flower head) Inusterol A, taraxasterol, inusterol B, inulicin, flavone, caffeic acid, chlorogenic acid, isoquercitrin, quercetin, taraxasteryl palmitate, bigelovin, dihydrobigelovin.48-50 260 Discutient, vulnerary, antiemetic, carminative, diuretic, deobstruent, treat ascites, bronchitis, cancer, chest congestion. 

Sonchus arvensis L. S. oleraceus L. Ju Shi Cai (Sow thistle) (whole plant) Inositol, lactucerol, mannitol, taraxasterol, palmitic acid, stearic acid, tartaric acid, lactucerols.50 Used as an insecticide, asthma, bronchitis, cough, ophthalmia, insomnia, pertussis, swellings and tumors. 

Taraxacum formosanum Kitamura Taiwan Pu Gong Ying (aerial part) Taraxasterol, choline, inulin, pectins.54 Cure for swollen breasts, a diuretic, treat fever, tracheatis, hepititis, tonsillitis. 

N.A. Volatile oil, flavonoids, phenolic acids, triterpenes, taraxasterol.99 An expectorant. For bronchitis, wheezing, chronic coughing, chest complaints. 

N.A. Taraxacin, taraxerol, taraxasterol, inulin, gluten, gum, choline, levulin, pulin, tannins, provitamin A, vitamins B, Q 103,172,173 Tonic, diuretic, stimulate appetite, digestion, treat fever, insomnia, jaundice, eczema, rheumatism, and arthritis. 

Among five triterpenoids isolated from Calendula officinalis flowers, P-amyrin (119), faradiol (232), i /-taraxasterol (238), taraxasterol (239), and lupeol (238), the diol 232 was the most active. It showed a dose-dependent effect with a potency that equals that of indomethacin (5) in the topical anti-inflammatory assay with croton oil [33]. Esterification at C-3 of 232 with a fatty acid reduced the activity by more than 50% [33] consistent with our observation in the TPA-induced assay described above. The anti-inflammatory properties, as determined by croton oil-induced edema of mouse ear, of faradiol-3-O-myristate (233) and its 3-O-palmitate (234), the main components of lipophilic extracts of C. officinalis flowers, were shown to be contribute significantly to the pronounced antiphlogistic activity of the lipophilic extracts of C. officinalis flowers [34]. 

Fig. (5). Inhibitory effect of taraxasterol (239) and faradiol (232) on the promotion of skin papillomas by TPA in DMBA-initiated mice. Starting 1 week after initiation by a single topical application of 50 pg of DMBA, 1 pg of TPA was applied twice weekly. Topical application of 239 (2.0 gmol), 232 (2.0 nmol) and vehicle was performed 30 min before each TPA treatment. Data are expressed as percentage of mice bearing papillomas (A), and as average number of papillomas per mouse (B). = +TPA with vehicle alone O = +TPA with 239 A = +TPA with 232 [85].

Fig. (5) A shows the time dependence of skin tumor formation in the groups treated with DMBA plus TPA with or without 2.0 pM each of taraxasterol (239) and faradiol (232). The first tumor appeared at week 11 in the group treated with DMBA/TPA. In the groups treated with DMBA/TPA and 239, the first tumor appeared at week 13. Of mice treated with DMBA/TPA, 73% were tumor-bearing at week 20, as compared 20% in the group treated with DMBA/TPA and 239. Fig. (5) B shows the average number of tumors per mouse. The group treated with DMBA/TPA produced 7.1 tumors per mouse at week 20, whereas the group treated with DMBA plus TPA and 239 had 1.0 tumor per mouse. The treatment with 232 caused an 80% reduction in the average number of tumors per mouse at week 20. In the group treated with DMBA/TPA and 232, no tumors had appeared at week 20 [85].

The effect of dietary cholesterol (7) on mammary tumor development was examined in female Sprague-Dawley rats exposed to the carcinogen MNU [47]. Tumor incidence in the compound 7 group (67%) was significantly lower than in the control group (96%) which suggested that dietary 7 inhibits mammary tumor development in this model. Taraxasterol (239), on oral administration, showed remarkable inhibitory effects on mouse spontaneous mammary tumors using C3H/OuJ mouse [42]. 

Active Constituents Lactucarium (lettuce opium) contains 2% lactucin plus latucerol (taraxasterol) and lactucic acid. 

The presence of another triterpene alcohol, taraxasterol, has been reported in shea (Itoh et al, 1979 Dencausse, 1995), and also in illipe and sal fat (Soulier et al, 1990). These relatively minor sterols have been little studied or reported and should be included in the analysis of sterolic fractions of confectionery fats. 

Taraxasterol Saussurea lappa, Taraxacum Inhibits TPA co-carcinogenesis... 

P-Sitosterol and stigmasterol are the common steroids in the genus. So far only few common triterpenes such as friedelin (207), e/ /-fnedelinol (208), a-amyrin (204), P-amyrin (205), a-amyrin acetate (206), taraxasterol (213), lupeyl acetate (209), magnificol (210) were isolated from Tanacetum species. However, T. sinaicum afforded unusual new malabaricane type triterpenoids 3p-acetoxymalabarican-14(26),17E,21-triene (211) and 3-oxo-malabarica-14(26),17E,21-triene (212) (Table 1). 

DANDELION ROOT, Taraxaci radix is the root of Taraxacum officinale, L., family Asteraceae. The drug contains bitter snb-stances like lactucopicrine (taraxacine), taraxasterol and phytosterols. Experimentally the choleretic effect in dogs and rats has been demonstrated and as a bitter drug it stimulates gastric secretion. 

Taraxasterol acetate from the Ayurvedic drug Echinops echinatus (Asteraceae) reached 63% inhibition after 4 h, but at a high dose regime (200 mg/kg, p.o.), and this activity was not much improved when this product was given i.p. (68% inhibition) [64]. 

Apart from the acute anti-inflammatory activity described in the preceding section, taraxasterol acetate was also tested for chronic activity in the model of Freund s adjuvant-induced rat arthritis. When 80 mg/kg of this compound were administered i.p., a 57% decrease with respect to the control value for the injected limb was observed at 18 h. After 21 days, the secondary reaction, which is measured on the non-injected limb, was reduced by 78%. Given the fact that in this condition the injected limb suffered a comparable reduction of 67%, it seems that taraxasterol acetate did not act by modifying immune mechanisms [64]. Duwiejua et al. [66] also reported appreciable anti-arthritic activity for glutin-3-one 44% and 74% reductions in the ipsilateral and contralateral paw swelling, respectively, after 10 days. 

The triterpene-enriched fraction of the supercritical CO2 extract of the dried flowers of Calendula officinalis (Asteraceae) inhibited the croton oil-induced ear edema in mice. Of the identified compounds, the faradiol monoesters, lupeol, F-taraxasterol and a mixture of taraxasterol/ 5-amyrin were tested for their anti-inflammatory activity. Faradiol, obtained by hydrolysis of the extract, was the most active compound. It showed a dose-dependent effect with a potency that equals that of indomethacin at 0.14 fimol/cm2 (48% and 47% edema inhibition, respectively). The esterification of faradiol resulted in a reduction of more than 50% in the activity (only 31% inhibition was observed at 0.14 pmol/cm2), whereas 4/-taraxasterol, a C-16P dehydroxylated derivative of faradiol, was less active (47% inhibition at a dose of 0.28 pmol/cm2) [43]. 

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