Tandem accelerator mass spectrometry

Elmore, D., Anantaraman, N., Fulbright, H. W., Gove, H. E., Hans, H. S., Nishiizumi, K., Murrell, M. T., Honda, M., Half-life of 32Si using tandem accelerator mass spectrometry, Nuclear Structure Research Laboratory, University of Rochester, NY, Publication UR-NSRL-220, 11 p., 1980. 

Direct Counting by Tandem Accelerator Mass Spectrometry (37)... 

Recent research has included the areas of laser fluorescence spectrometry, mass spectrometry, tandem accelerator mass spectrometry and improvements in neutron activation analysis (Brauer and Strebin, 1979 Elmore et al., 1980 Goles et al., 1981 Bate and Stokely, 1982 Brauer et al., 1982 Stoffels, 1982). Neutron activation continues to be the method used for most low level analyses. 

The impact of this new technique, which was called Accelerator Mass Spectrometry (AMS), on the radiocarbon and archaeologist communities, was immediate and revolutionary. The introduction of AMS is indeed recognized by some as the third revolution in radiocarbon dating[22,23] and it has provided the opportunity to date very precious finds by collecting very small samples. The interest in developing the technique of AMS was so evident that, just few years after the measurements cited above, a first dedicated AMS system (based on a tandem accelerator) was designed and built [24] then, the first dedicated... 

Acceleration mass spectrometry (AMS) - The precise measurement of isotopic ratios for very low abundance isotopes is beyond the capability of conventional mass spectrometers. In these cases of isotopes at minute trace levels, some 50 mass spectrometers exist worldwide. The tendetrons used for these types of analyses are derived from Van de Graaff-type particle accelerators. These instruments are based on tandem mass spectrometry. 

The development of accelerator mass spectrometry goes back to the early days of ion accelerators. Accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) was developed in 1977 by introducing accelerators (cyclotron and tandem accelerator ) into mass spectrometry. A schematic diagram of a powerful... 

The components of accelerator mass spectrometry, AMS, system are shown in Fig. 5.49 and they include ion source, injector, tandem accelerator, positive ion analysis and detection system. 

Other experiments have also aimed to identify the chemical structure of potential ochratoxin A adducts. In in vitro studies, incubation of ochratoxin A with DNA or dG in the presence of various activation systems did not reveal any adducts, neither by P-postlabelling nor by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Subsequently, DNA was isolated from the livers and kidneys of male Fischer rats treated with a single dose of P C]ochratoxin A (0.5 mg/kg bw) and analysed by C-accelerated mass spectrometry. No significant difference between control group and treated group could be observed in C activity in isolated DNA from treated animals, and no specific ochratoxin A-DNA adducts were detected with C-accelerated mass spectrometry (Mally et al., 2004). The EFSA opinion pointed out that a concern in the interpretation of these results is that DNA adducts may have been repaired, as DNA was isolated 72 h after a single treatment with a relatively low dose, which is in contrast to other studies, in which DNA was isolated within 24 h after exposure to ochratoxin A (European Food Safety Authority, 2006),... 

Accelerator Mass Spectrometry is a special tool for quantitative measurements of very long-lived radionuclides. This technique consists of counting the nuclides themselves instead of waiting for their decay. As for as the tandem accelerator is concerned, no molecular background exists because of the stripping process. Any isobaric background is also drastically suppressed due to the nuclear techniques involved in the measurements. There occurs an extremely wide area of applications in different fields because of the capability of the AMS technique to determine the radioisotopes at the faintest level (the isotopic concentrations down to the range of 10 in some cases). 

Miyaji, Y., Ishizuka, T., Kawai, K., Hamabe, Y., Miyaoka, T., Oh-Hara, T., Ikeda, T., Kurihara, A. (2009) Use of an intravenous microdose of C-labeled drug and accelerator mass spectrometry to measure absolute oral bioavailability in dogs cross-comparison of assay methods by accelerator mass spectrometry and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, 24(2), 130-138. 

For the study of the formation of adducts to macromolecules in animals and in humans, accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) has been introduced in the field of biomedicine. It is based on the use of a tandem Van de Graaff accelerator and was developed 20 years ago to measure very small quantities of rare isotopes, such as in C dating studies, e.g., for the Shroud of Turin. This technique is now... 

FIGURE 4 Schematic of tandem accelerator used for direct accelerator mass spectrometry measurements at the... 

Figure 5.45 Structures of (1) Bosentan (C27H29N5O6S [M + H]+ 552.1917) and three of its metabolites, formed by (2) oxidation (C27H29N5O7S [M + H]+ 568.1866), (3) demethylation (C26H27N5O6S [M- -H]+ 538.1760), and (4) demethylation-oxidation (C26H27N5O7S [M + M]+ 554.1709). Reprinted by permission of Elsevier Science from Exact mass measurement of product ions for the structural elucidation of drug metabolites with a tandem quadrupole orthogonal-acceleration time-of-flight mass spectrometer , by Hopfgartner, G., Chemushevich, I. V., Covey, T., Plomley, 1. B. and Bonner, R., Journal of the American Society for Mass Spectrometry, Vol. 10, pp. 1305-1314, Copyright 1999 by the American Society for Mass Spectrometry.

The need to understand the fate of pesticides in the environment has necessitated the development of analytical methods for the determination of residues in environmental media. Adoption of methods utilizing instrumentation such as gas chro-matography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS), liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS), liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS), or enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) has allowed the detection of minute amounts of pesticides and their degradation products in environmental samples. Sample preparation techniques such as solid-phase extraction (SPE), accelerated solvent extraction (ASE), or solid-phase microextraction (SPME) have also been important in the development of more reliable and sensitive analytical methods. 

G.C. Mattem, C.I. Nuessle, D.L. Green, W.M. Leimkuehler, J.D. Philpot, RJ. Ness, and K.S. Billesbach, Accelerated field residue analysis of tebuconazole using Soxtec extraction and HPLC/electrospray tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC/ESI-MS-MS), Presented at the Midwest Regional Meeting of the American Chemical Society, Osage Beach, MO, October 29, 1997. 

Ding Y, Zhang W, Gu C, Xagoraraki I, Li H (2011) Determination of pharmaceuticals in biosolids using accelerated solvent extraction and liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 1218 10-16... 

Morris H.R., Paxton T., Dell A., Langhome J., Berg M., Bordoli R.S., Hoyes J., and Bateman R.H. (1996), High sensitivity collisionally-activated decomposition tandem mass spectrometry on a novel quadrupole/orthogonal-acceleration time-of-flight mass spectrometer, Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. 10, 889-896. 

The TOF mass analyzer has a low duty cycle, and the combination with an ion accumulation device such as an ion trap is therefore very advantageous. It offers also MS capabilities with accurate mass measurement. In all acquisition modes, the ions are accelerated into the time of flight for mass analysis. Various other hybrid mass spectrometers with TOF have been described, including quadrupole ion trap [70] and linear ion trap [58]. High energy tandem mass spectrometry can be performed on TOF-TOF mass spectrometers [71, 72]. 

Figure 1.4. NCE/NME progression scheme showing the various discovery stage liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) and LC-tandem MS (LC-MS/MS) assays used for selecting NME/NCE to advance into development. (Reprinted with permission from Korfmacher, 2005.) (CARRS, Cassette accelerated rapid rat screening IV, Intravenous administration PO, Oral administration NCE, New chemical entity)...

Draisci, R., Marchiafava, C., Palleschi, L., Cammarata, R, and Cavalli, S. (2001). Accelerated solvent extraction and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry quantitation of corticosteroid residues in bovine liver. J. Chromatogr. B Biomed Sci. Appl. 753 217-223. 

Pyle and Marcus [ 102] achieved low ppb detection limits for the determination of organochlorine insecticides in soil using accelerated solvent extraction followed by gas chromatography ion trap tandem mass spectrometry. Richter et al. [103] showed that accelerated solvent extraction gave essentially equivalent recoveries of chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans from soil compounds to Soxhlet extraction, but in less time and using much less solvent. 

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