Taenia

Beef tapeworm (Taenia saginatd) is found worldwide in people who eat rare beef and is most common in developing countries. Worms are often 5—10 m long with about 1000 proglottides. Usually a patient carries only one worm. Infected persons are frequently asymptomatic, but intestinal disturbances can occur. Detached sections of worm 0.5 cm x 2 cm may creep out of the end of the digestive tract. 

Both the adult and the larval cysticerci (bladderworm) of Taenia solium (pork tapeworm) are able to Hve in humans the parasite is found sporadically in uncooked pork. In the stomach, the larva is digested out of the pork flesh it then grows and attaches to the wall of the small intestine. Maturity is reached in 5—12 weeks. The adult is 5 m long, and untreated adult worms may survive for 25 years. 

This dmg was used prior to the availabiUty of niclosamide and is considered less satisfactory for the treatment of tapeworms than niclosamide (24). It causes more side effects and produces severe nausea. Quinacrine, however, is preferred by some clinicians for the treatment of Taenia solium infection because, unlike niclosamide, it expels the worms intact, thus reducing the theoretical risk of cysticercosis (25). 

Taenia saginata Taeniasis beef tapeworm disease... 

The most important pathogens causing faecal-oral water-borne diseases, with the exception of helmints (Ascaris, Trichurus, Taenia, etc.) are compiled in Table 2. These, virtually absent in the developed countries, are stiU highly prevalent in developing countries, though without causing serious illness [8]. 

Identification may be by gross examination for adult helminths or, more commonly, by microscopic examination for protozoa, helminth eggs, and larvae. The diagnostic forms of some parasites, such as the eggs of Ascaris spp., are present on a regular basis. Other forms, such as malaria parasites, Taenia eggs, or Giardia cysts, vary from day to day. 

Cellophane tape is used for finding the eggs of Enterobius vermicularis or Taenia species from the perianal area. The tape used must be clear cellophane and not slightly cloudy or opaque. Alternatively, a Vaspar swab may be used. Specimens from more than 1 day may be required to diagnose light infections. 

If the specimen is difficult to examine, raise the tape from the front of the glass slide, add a drop of toluene to the slide, and replace the tape smoothly with an applicator stick. (Remember. Enterobius spp. and Taenia solium eggs are infective )... 

Adult worms, or objects suspected to be adult worms, may be submitted to the laboratory. The laboratory must determine if these are helminths and, if so, if they are parasites. Identification characteristics are described in standard references. Tapeworm proglottids, particularly those of the Taenia species, are difficult to differentiate grossly unless they are cleared so that the internal structure can be seen and the number of lateral uterine branches can be counted. One procedure for clearing the proglottids is outlined below. 

Gasser, R.B., Zhu, X.Q. and Woods, W.G. (1999) Genotyping Taenia tapeworms by single-strand conformation polymorphism of mitochondrial DNA. Electrophoresis 20, 2834—2837. 

Okamoto, M., Bessho, Y., Kamiya, M., Kurosawa, T. and Horii, T. (1995) Phylogenetic relationships within Taenia taeniaeformis varian Is and other taeniid cestodes inferred from the nucleotide sequence of the cytochrome c oxidase subunit I gene. Parasitology Research 81, 451-458. 

Niclosamide is an anthelmintic, which is active against various intestinal tapeworms. It is the drug of choice for tapeworm infections due to Taenia Saginata, Diphyllobothrium Latum, and Taenia Solium. Niclosamide is particularly effective... 

In summary, in intact myometrium there is no clear physiological role for CICR despite the presence of RyR. This is the conclusion reached by others for a variety of smooth muscles e.g. taeniae coli (lino 1989), stomach (Guerrero et al 1994), tracheal myocytes (Fleischmann et al 1996) and portal vein (Kamishima McCarron 1996). 

Gilabert JA, Parekh AB 2000 Respiring mitochondria determine the pattern of activation and inactivation of the store-operated Ca2+ current Icrac- EMBO J 19 6401-6407 lino M 1990 Biphasic Ca2+ dependence of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate-induced Ca2+ release in smooth muscle cells of the guinea pig taenia caeci. J Gen Physiol 95 1103-1122 Iizuka K, Yoshii A, Dobashi K, Horie T, More M, Nakazawa T 1998 InsP3, but not novel Ca2+ releasers, contributes to agonist-initiated contraction in rabbit airway smooth muscle. J Physiol 511 915-933... 

Bulbring E, T omita T 1969 Effect of calcium, barium and manganese on the action of adrenaline in the smooth muscle of the guinea-pig taenia coli. Proc R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 172 121-136 Marchant JS, Taylor CW 1998 Rapid activation and partial inactivation of inositol trisphosphate receptors by inositol trisphosphate. Biochemistry 37 11524-11533 Somlyo AV, Horiuti K, Trentham DR, Kitazawa T, Somlyo AP 1992 Kinetics of Ca2+ release and contraction induced by photolysis of caged D-myo-inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate in smooth muscle the effects of heparin, procaine, and adenine nucleotides. J Biol Chem 267 22316-22322... 

Somljo If you do a quick stretch you get a contraction. This has been shown in taeniae gut. 

Sanders Taeniae gut may be the only tissue like that. But the circular muscle of the gut has to expand it has to do this to be a volume organ. 

Tapeworm infections are caused by Taenia solium. Tinea pedis causes the fungal infection known os athlete s foot. Yersinia pestis is implicated in plague, Candida albicans is responsible for candidiasis while Chlamydia frachomifis causes eye infections. 

Paromomycin sulfate has been recommended for other parasitic infections — Dientamoeba fragilis (25 to 30 mg/kg/day in 3 doses for 7 days) Diphyllobothrium latum, Taenia saginata, Taenia solium, Dipylidium caninum adults 1 g every 15 minutes P.968... 

Taeniasis (Beef tapeworm) Taenia saginata Praziquantel- or Niclosamide... 

Pork tapeworm) Taenia solium Praziquantel,-Niclosamide, or Albendazole... 

Praziquantel is the agent of choice against all trema-todes apart from Fasciola hepatica where bithionol is the drug of first choice. It is also an anticestodal agent and, as also niclosamide, is a first choice drug for intestinal tapeworm infestations by Taenia solum (pork tapeworm), Taenia saginata (beef tapeworm), Taenia latum (fish tapeworm) and Hymenolepis nana (dwarf tapeworm) and it is a second choice drug af-... 

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