T epitope

Reuhs, B.L., Stephens, S.B., Geller, D.P., Kim, J.S., Glenn, J., Przytycki, J., Ojanen-Reuhs, T. Epitope identification for a panel of unli-Sinoritizobium meliloti monoclonal antibodies and application to the analysis of K antigens and lipopolysaccharides from bacteroids. Appl Environ Microbiol 65 (1999) 5186-5191. 

Rinnbauer, M, Ernst, B, Wagner, B, Magnani, J, Benie, A J, Peters, T, Epitope mapping of sialyl Lewis bound to E-selectin using saturation transfer difference NMR experiments, Glycobiology, 13, 435-443, 2003. 

Vaccines need to be designed to take account of variations in human genome in regard to HLA, and also variations in our own proteins to avoid autoimmune disease. The theory of attack is to make vaccines that contain B-epitopes (bone immune system) that generate antibodies, T-epitopes (thymus immune system) that will stimulate antibody and T-cell response respectively, plus some other stimulants of immune response (e.g., molecular adjuvant ). Briefly and crudely, the antibodies deal with the molecules, and the T response with whole cells. 

On the other hand, Kren and Thiem have developed a sequential multienzyme one-pot system with cofactor regeneration in order to prepare rather complicated hetero-oligoglycosides such as the sialylated antigen T-epitope... 

Development of a peptide vaccine is derived from the identification of the immunodominant epitope of an antigen (141). A polypeptide based on the amino acid sequence of the epitope can then be synthesized. Preparation of a peptide vaccine has the advantage of allowing for large-scale production of a vaccine at relatively low cost. It also allows for selecting the appropriate T- or B-ceU epitopes to be included in the vaccine, which may be advantageous in some cases. Several vaccines based on peptide approaches, such as SPf66 (95) for malaria and an HIV-1 peptide (142) have been in clinical trials. No peptide vaccines are Hcensed as yet. 

Figure 6 from Carbohydrate Research, vol 311, Sakurai MH, Kiyohara H, Matsumoto T, TsumurayaY, Hashimoto Y, Yamada H (1998) Characterization of antigenic epitopes in anti-ulcer pectic polysaccharides from Bupleurum falcatum L. using several carbohy-drases. p 219-p229, all with permission from Elsevier... 

Munk, M.E., Schoel, B., Modrow, S., Karr, R.W., Young, R.A., Kaufmann, S.H. (1989). T lymphocytes from healthy individuals with specificity to self-epitopes shared by the mycobacterial and human 65 kD heat shock protein. J. Immunol. 143, 2844-2849. 

Idiotypic network. Idiotypic determinants (idiotypes) are unique antigenic epitopes characteristic of the antigen receptors on the surface of T and B cells. They are associated with the variable regions of these receptors. Antibodies produced by B cells as the result of antigenic stimulation can themselves stimulate the production of auto-anti-idiotypic antibodies which have the ability to combine with the B-cell receptor (Ig) and thus can dampen down the immune response. Idiotypes may likewise stimulate the production of T cells specific for idiotypic determinants. Jerne (1974) postulated his... 

Rothbard, J.B. and Taylor, W.R. (1988) A sequence pattern common to T cell epitopes. EMBOJournal , 93-100. 

Jasmer, D.P., Perryman, L.P., Conder, G.A., Crow, S. and McGuire, T.C. (1993) Protective immunity to Haemonchus contortus induced by immunoaffinity isolated antigens that share a phylogenetically conserved carbohydrate gut surface epitope. Journal of Immunology 151, 5450-5460. 

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