Saturation transfer difference

Mayer, M., Meyer, B. Characterization of ligand binding by saturation transfer difference NMR spectroscopy. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 1999, 38, 1784-1788. 

In principle, there are different ways to characterize the complexes On one hand, in favourable cases, it is possible to measure the NMR parameters of the receptor in the free and bound states, i.e., differences in chemical shift and NOE-contacts, before and after the formation of the complex. On the other hand, it is usually more feasible to observe and detect changes in the ligand NMR signals before and after the binding process. In this latter case, the use of STD (saturation transfer difference) and TR-NOE (transferred NOE) experiments is of paramount importance. 

X-ray crystallography, docking modes can be validated by various NMR techniques NOEs may be observed between the ligand and the receptor protein by heteronuclear-filtered NOE spectroscopy [51], chemical shift changes of protein resonances upon binding can be analyzed by simulation of shifts caused by ring currents and electrostatic effects [52], and saturation transfer difference measurements indicate which part of the ligand is in direct contact with the protein [52]. 

Saturation Transfer Difference NMR Studies of the Peptide-Fab Complex. 72... 

Data obtained by ITC experiments were corroborated by saturation transfer difference (STD) NMR spectroscopy. Signals that arise during an STD experiment are a... 

Saturation transfer difference Unsaturated Saturated Saturated 72... 

Saturation transfer difference. The origins of the STD experiment1721 can be traced to the spin-saturation transfer experiment or Forsen-Hoffman experiment from the 1960s.1911 In the STD experiment, a subset of the protein II resonances are saturated by means of a train of frequency-selective radiofrequency pulses applied to a narrow spectral region devoid of ligand resonances. The saturation is transferred by spin diffusion ( H- H crossrelaxation pathways) to the rest of the protein, a process that becomes more efficient with... 

Cutting, B., et al., Sensitivity enhancement in saturation transfer difference (STD) experiments through optimized excitation schemes. Magn Reson Chem, 2007, 45, 720-724. 

Mayer, M. and Meyer, B., Group epitope mapping by saturation transfer difference NMR to identify segments of a ligand in direct contact with a protein receptor. J Am Chem Soc, 2001,... 

Sandstrom, C., el al., Atomic mapping of the interactions between the antiviral agent cyanovirin-N and oligomannosides by saturation-transfer difference NMR. Biochemistry, 2004,43, 13926-13931. 

Meinecke, R. and Meyer, B., Determination of the binding specificity of an integral membrane protein by saturation transfer difference NMR RGD peptide ligands binding to integrin alphallbbeta3. J Med Chem, 2001, 44, 3059-3065. 

Di Micco, S., el al., Differential-frequency saturation transfer difference NMR spectroscopy allows the detection of different ligand-DNA binding modes. Angew Chem Int Ed, 2006, 45, 224-228. 

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