System isopropyl ether

Table 10.10 Mutual Solubility for the System Isopropyl Ether-Isopropyl Alcohol-Water at 25°C, % wt (14)...

Calculate the activity coefficients for the system isopropyl ether-isopropyl acetate from the data of Miller and Bliss [Ind, Eng, Chem, 32, 123 (19 ))]. Determine the best values of the constants of the van Laar, Margules, and Scatchard-Hamer equations for these data, and compare the ability of these equations to describe this system. 

The sulfate ester hydrolysate is stripped to give a mixture of isopropyl alcohol, isopropyl ether, and water overhead, and dilute sulfuric acid bottoms. The overhead is neutralized using sodium hydroxide and refined in a two-column distillation system. Diisopropyl ether is taken overhead in the first, ie, ether, column. This stream is generally recycled to the reactors to produce additional isopropyl alcohol by the following equiUbrium reaction ... 

SO as to end the air mixture to adsorber No. 2. The system is then fully automatic. Solvents which have been successfully recovered by the activated carbon adsorption method include methanol, ethanol, butanol, chlorinated hydrocarbons including perchlorethylene, which boils at 121 C (250 °F), ethyl ether, isopropyl ether, the acetates up to amyl acetate, benzene, toluene, xylene, mineral spirits, naphtha, gasoline, acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, hexane, carbon disulfide, and others. 

Eluent components should be volatile. Solvents such as ethyl acetate, isopropyl ether, diethylketone, chloroform, dichloromethane, and toluene as modifiers and n-hexane as diluent are recommended for normal phase chromatography. For reversed-phase systems, methanol or acetonitrile are used as modifiers. Such components as acetic acid or buffers, as well as ion association reagents, should be avoided. 

Illustrate the layered accident investigation process, using Example 13-1 as a guide, to develop the underlying causes of the duct system explosion described in section 13-1. 13-2. Repeat Problem 13-1 for the bottle of isopropyl ether accident described in section 13-2. 13-3. Repeat Problem 13-1 for the nitrobenzene sulfonic acid decomposition accident described in section 13-2. 

Oxypro (1) A process for making di-isopropyl ether (DOPE) from a propane/propylene stream from FCC. The catalyst system is superior to other acid catalysts such as zeolites because of its greater activity at low temperatures. The Oxypro catalyst functions at below 175°C, whereas zeolites require temperatures closer to 260°C. DOPE is used as a gasoline additive. Developed by UOP in 1994 first licensed in Chile in 1996 for completion in 1997. 

Schugerl 115] has recently furnished a detail analysis of the reactive extraction of penicdlin-G and V and precursors like phenyl and phenoxy acetic acids. Thirty different amines have been studied for reactive extraction of penicillins 116] in various solvents such as butyl acetate, chloroform, di-isopropyl ether, kerosene, dioctyl ether, etc. Tertiary amines in n-butyl acetate were found to be advantageous because of their low reactivity with solvent but the distribution coefficients of their complexes are significantly lower than those of secondary amines. While using quaternary ammonium salts for ion-exchange extraction, re-extraction is difficult and very large amounts of anion (e.g.. Cl ) are needed to recover penicillins. The basic relationship for distribution coefficient and extraction kinetics have now been fairly developed for amine-penicillin systems. 

Compared to other classes of organic compounds, ethers have relatively low toxicities. This characteristic can be attributed to the low reactivity of the C-O-C functional group arising from the high strength of the carbon-oxygen bond. Like diethyl ether, several of the more volatile ethers affect the central nervous system. Hazards other than their toxicities tend to be relatively more important for ethers. These hazards are flammability and formation of explosive peroxides (especially with di-isopropyl ether). 

Asymmetric oxidoreductions performed in isopropyl ether allow syntheses of optically active alcohols with ee >95% on a 1-10 mmol scale. Nakamura et al. investigated the effect of organic solvents on the reduction of ot-keto esters mediated by bakers yeast [140]. The reduction of ethyl 2-oxoheptanoate was tested in various solvents. Best results were achieved with benzene so further experiments were performed with benzene. Conversion only takes place in the presence of small amounts of water. The reduction of six ot-keto esters was examined regarding the stereoselectivity of the corresponding ot-hydroxy esters. The reactions were performed in aqueous systems as well as in benzene. In aqueous systems, the formed hydroxy esters show (S)-stereoselectivity while the stereochemistry of the reaction shifts markedly towards the production of (/ )-ot-hydroxy esters in benzene. 

Berg, L., and Yeh, A. 1985. The Unusual Behavior of Extractive Distillation—Reversing the Volatility of the Acetone—Isopropyl Ether System, AIChE J. 31, (3), 504-506 (1985). 

FIGURE 10.2 Liquid-liquid data for the system water, acetic acid, and isopropyl ether. Since mixture M falls inside the mumal soluhihty curve, it separates into extract and raffinate phases with compositions E and R, respectively. The equUihrium data are at 25°C and 1 atm. 

FIGURE 10.5 Liquid-liquid data at 25°C for the system water, acetic acid, and isopropyl ether. Mixing liquids with compositions and Eg resnlts in mix point M. Specification of yields E, since the same line also intersects M. The eqnihhrinm data are at 25 °C and 1 atm. 

Graphical methods are suitable whenever the two liquid phases are partly miscible as for the water, acetic acid, and isopropyl ether system. If the two liquid phases are nearly immiscible, and their mutual solubility is not affected by the solute concentration, then the Kremser equation discussed below may be applicable. 

The definition given above for a spin system as a collection of sets insulated from one another can be formalized A spin system consists of sets of nuclei that spin couple with one another but do not spin couple with any nuclei outside the spin system hence insulated. For example, ethyl isopropyl ether consists of two spin systems the ethyl protons and the isopropyl protons, which are insulated from each other by the oxygen atom. It is not necessary for all nuclei within a spin system to be spin coupled with all the other nuclei in the spin system. 

Figure 3.5. Minimum-boiling-point azeotrope, isopropyl ether-isopropyl alcohol system, (a) Partial and total pressures at 70°C. (i>) Vapor-liquid equilibria at 101 kPa. (c) Phase diagram at 101 kPa. [Adapted from O. A. Hougen, K. M. Watson, and R. A. Ragatz, Chemical Process Principles, Part II, 2nd ed John Wiley and Sons, N. Y. (1959).)...

Conversion (o) ee (ee of substrate). Reaction was performed in a 2 L bioreactor at 30 °C and 200 rpm using an isopropyl ether-water biphasic system with 100 mM ( )-MPGM and 900 U of chitosan-SmL. The pH was automatically controlled at 8.0-8.3 hy titrating 2% ammonia. The immobilized lipase was reused in new reactions after ee of the last run reached 99.9%. From the 7 batch of reaction, 15 g of fresh immobilized lipase (corresponding to io% of the initial amount, ca. 90 U) was supplemented at the beginning of each reaction cycle. After the 12 batch of reaction, 15 g of used immobilized lipase was substituted by 15 g of fresh lipase (ca. 90 U). The partial renewal of the immobilized biocatalyst was continued for 10 cycles (12 -21 ). 

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