System Integration with External Systems

The integrity of the safety function is therefore dependent upon the integrity of the data not only from static data, but also on dynamic data passed to the system through its interfaces with external systems. 

Excimer lasers have also been used to manufacture novel composite membranes to be used as an effective transducer for the selective transfer and sensing of molecular ions [39]. Matson et al. [40] also employed excimer laser direct patterning at 248 nm to produce membranes for solvent separators by a step and drill method but they also developed a mask patterning process to create multiple pores of small size. McNeely et al. [41] developed a rapid prototyping technique to fabricate passive hydrophobic microfluidic systems integrated with macroscopic external devices aimed at highly parallel sample analysis. Sabbert et al. [42] machined cydoolefin copolymer (COC) with no redeposition effects, smooth surface and ablation rates smaller than for PMMA using an ArF excimer laser (193 nm). 

Process controls and instrumentation only provide feedback for conditions within the process system. They do not report or control conditions outside the assumed process integrity limits. Fire and gas detection systems supplement process information systems with instrumentation that is located external to the process to warn of conditions that could be considered harmful if found outside the normal process environment. Fire and gas detection systems may be used to confirm the readings of major process releases or to report conditions that process instrumentation may not adequately report or be unable to report (i.e., minor process releases). 

The kinetic equation for S for calculating system homogeneous with respect to the translational degree of freedom and subject to no external field, the result is [4,117]... 

If now we are dealing with a system of ideal molecules so that the internal forces are zero, then F,., Fy, Fz are the forces due only to external fields [i.e., all F(m) = 0] and the walls. If there are no external fields, then there is only the normal pressure exerted by the walls on the molecules and F is zero everywhere except at the walls, where it is equal to P per unit area. We can thus evaluate the sum. It is simply the line integral of the product of the pressure by the coordinates taken over the surface of the vessel. This can be shown quite generally to be equal to... 

Examples of archiving include on-line systems and storage on external systems. Appropriate measures must be taken to ensure data availability and integrity. In particidar, it must be checked whether a different medium data format is necessary for the archiving period. This may require associated hardware and software to be kept, along with the necessary operating documentation. 

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