Synthetic missions

Scheme 7.2 Advanced arrangements for different synthetic missions.

As of 1996, synthetic quartz was produced in the United Kingdom, France, CIS, Venezuela, Canada, China, Japan, Brazil, Poland, as weU as the United States. The principal nondomestic source is Japan. Some producers in the United States are Eastiake, in Ohio Motorola, in Carlisle, Pennsylvania and Thermo Dynamics, in Shawnee Mission, Kansas. 

A new Ministry of Construction Materials Industry was formed on March 5, 1979, with Song Yangchu as its Minister. The mission of the new Ministry will be to supervise the production and promotion of heretofore non-existent synthetic building materials. 

The mission of process chemistry in the pharmaceutical industry is to provide documented, controlled synthetic processes for the manufacture of the supplies to support the development programs and future commercial requirements of the API. The science and technology associated in accomplishing this mission provides a... 

The chemistry and synthetic applications of oxazoles were first covered in 1986 in an comprehensive volume edited by I. J. Turchi (Volume 45 of The Chemistry of Heterocyclic Compounds series). In the meantime, the number of synthetic strategies directed toward oxazole assembly as well as the use of these versatile heterocycles as intermediates, catalytic ligands, and pharmaceutical building blocks has vastly increased. We felt that a supplement and update of oxazole chemistry would be welcomed by the international chemistry community, and we are delighted that Dr. Palmer and his colleagues have accomplished this onerous mission. This volume represents another outstanding service to the organic and... 

Gordon, K., et al., Report on Petroleum and Synthetic Oil Industry of Germany by a Mission... 

Within the last 25 years of X-ray spectroscopy on fusion devices, the theory of He-like ions has been developed to an impressive precision. The spectra can be modeled with deviations not more than 10% on all lines. For the modeling, only parameters with physical meaning and no additional approximation factors are required. Even the small effects due to recombination of H-like atoms, which contribute only a few percent to the line intensity, can be used to explain consistently the recombination processes and hence the charge state distribution in a hot plasma. The measurements on fusion devices such as tokamaks or stellarators allow the comparison to the standard diagnostics for the same parameters. As these diagnostics are based on different physical processes, they provide sensitive tests for the atomic physics used for the synthetic spectra. They also allow distinguishing between different theoretical approaches to predict the spectra of other elements within the iso-electronic series. The modeling of the X-ray spectra of astronomical objects or solar flares, which are now frequently explored by X-ray satellite missions, is now more reliable. In these experiments, the statistical quality of the spectra is limited due to the finite observation time or the lifetime of... 

The separation and identification of natural dyes from wool fibers using reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromotog-raphy (HPLC) were performed on a C-18 column. Two isocratic four-solvent systems were developed on the basis of the Snyder solvent-selectivity triangle concept (1) 10% acetonitrile, 4% alcohol, and 2% tetrahydrofuran in 0.01 M acetic acid and (2)7% acetonitrile, 8% alcohol, and 5% tetrahydrofuran in 0.01 M acetic acid. Samples were also eluted in 30% acetonitrile. Spot tests and thin-layer chromatography were performed on all samples to confirm HPLC results. The systems also were found to be potentially useful in the identification of early synthetic dyes. A system of sample preparation that minimizes the reaction of samples was discussed. The application of this HPLC separation technique to samples from 20th century Caucasian rugs and American samples unearthed from the foundation of Mission San Jose was examined. 

The Pioneer Venus mission provided the first radar imaging and altimetry of Venus surface from synthetic aperture radar on an orbiting spacecraft. Subsequently, the Venera 15 and 16 orbiters also carried out radar imaging and altimetry of part of Venus northern hemisphere. Orbital spacecraft radar observations of Venus culminated with the very successful Magellan mission in the early 1990s. 

Professional statisticians may complain that this is yet another introductory text on statistics, written by a non-statistician. This is true, my devotion and professional training are in the field of synthetic chemistry. However, in exploring this field I felt a need for statistical principles to guide my way. This book is an attempt to transmit my personal experiences to my fellow colleagues. If anyone among them should respond to the message and be stimulated to learn more about statistics, I would feel that my mission as an evangelist had been succesful. 

The present work is only the very first step towards a comprehensive and systematic understanding of the fundamental elementary processes involved in the chemistry of hydrocarbon-rich planetary atmospheres and interstellar medium. Our experiments explicitly identified synthetic routes to nitriles — the alleged precursor molecules to amino acids. The experimental data can be employed to set up a systematic database of reaction products and can predict the formation of hitherto unobserved gas phase molecules. The applications of the crossed beam method to astrochemical problems have just begun. Many interesting problems remain to be studied. In the coming century, laboratory experiments of the kind we have presented here combined with observations and planetary-space missions will undoubtedly unravel the complex chemical processes which extend from atoms and simple molecules to large molecules and aggregates. 

Gade M, Alpers W, Huhnerfuss H, Masuko H and Kobayashi T (1998a) The imaging of biogenic and anthropogenic surface films by a multi-frequency multipolarization synthetic aperture radar measured during the SIR-C/X-SAR missions. J Geophys Res 103 18851-18866... 

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