Flares, solar

The ionosphere is subject to sudden changes resulting from solar activity, particularly from solar emptions or flares that are accompanied by intense x-ray emission. The absorption of the x-rays increases the electron density in the D and E layers, so that absorption of radio waves intended for E-layer reflection increases. In this manner, solar flares dismpt long-range, ionospheric bounce communications. 

Tritium has also been observed in meteorites and material recovered from sateUites (see also Extraterrestrial materials). The tritium activity in meteorites can be reasonably well explained by the interaction of cosmic-ray particles and meteoritic material. The tritium contents of recovered sateUite materials have not in general agreed with predictions based on cosmic-ray exposure. Eor observations higher than those predicted (Discoverer XVII and sateUites), a theory of exposure to incident tritium flux in solar flares has been proposed. Eor observations lower than predicted (Sputnik 4), the suggested explanation is a diffusive loss of tritium during heating up on reentry. 

Although events taking place on the sun, such as sun spots and solar flares, alter the amount of radiation, the alteration is almost entirely in the x-ray and ultraviolet regions and does not affect the amount in the wavelengths reaching the earth s surface. Therefore, the amount of radiation from the sun that can penetrate to the earth s surface is remarkably constant. 

The signals in the oxygen isotope record from the S. gigan-tea s rings at 6.69 and 37.4 years may or may not be related to periodicities, of the sun. The sun has many ways to vary, apart from the sun spot cycle, such as fluctuations in frequency of solar flares and plages, and misbehaviors of the overall magnetic field of the sun and of the solar corona. 

Alternatively, 6Li in low-metallicity stars could be the result ol 4Hc(3Hc, p) reactions in stellar flares, analogous to effects found in some energetic solar flares (Tatischeff Thibaud 2007). In this case there is expected to be real scatter in the 6Li plateau, due to variations in (present or past) stellar rotation speed. 

Airplane travel can increase our exposure to cosmic and solar radiation that is normally blocked by the atmosphere. Radiation intensity is greater across the poles and at higher altitudes, thus individual exposure varies depending on the route of travel. Storms on the sun can produce solar flares that can release larger amounts of radiation than normal. For the occasional traveler this radiation exposure is well below recommended limits established by regulatory authorities. However, frequent... 

Beltrami fields have been advanced [4] as theoretical models for astrophy-sical phenomena such as solar flares and spiral galaxies, plasma vortex filaments arising from plasma focus experiments, and superconductivity. Beltrami electrodynamic fields probably have major potential significance to theoretical and empirical science. In plasma vortex filaments, for example, energy anomalies arise that cannot be described with the Maxwell-Heaviside equations. The three magnetic components of 0(3) electrodynamics are Beltrami fields as well as being complex lamellar and solenoidal fields. The component is identically nonzero in Beltrami electrodynamics if is so. In the Beltrami... 

Additional models of FFMF for interstellar physics also postulated that the spiral arms of galaxies, as well as solar flares and prominences, could be constmcted of such force-free fields [17]. Similar Beltrami field structures have... 

Secondary cosmic ray flux and cosmic ray composition at the Earth s surface are complex quantities to evaluate, and in practice assumptions about the constancy of cosmic rays over timescales relevant to paleoaltimetry research. Short time scale variations in production rates, such as might result from the 11-year cyclicity in the cosmic ray flux due to solar flares (Raisbeck et al. 1990), will average out of the data over million-year timescales. Likewise, assumptions about the constancy of atmospheric density must be made so that atmospheric depth can be converted to elevation. 

Atmospheric phenomena (lightning, solar flares, geomagnetic disturbances)... 

Investigations on the doubly excited states of two electron systems under weakly coupled plasma have been performed by several authors. Such states usually occur as resonance states in electron atom collisions and are usually autoionizing [225]. Many of these states appear in solar flare and corona [226,227] and contribute significantly to the excitation cross-sections required to determine the rate coefficients for transitions between ionic states in a high temperature plasma. These are particularly important for dielectronic recombination processes which occur in low density high temperature plasma, occurring e.g. in solar corona. Coronal equilibrium is usually guided by the balance between the rates of different ionization and... 

Figure 2.15 Ne three-isotope plot for a grain-size suite of plagioclase separates from lunar high land soil that were treated by the CSSE treatment (see text). The best fitted line through the data from all etched samples (line p) passes close to the data point GCR (galactic cosmic ray) of cosmogenic Ne. On the left side, the path of mass fractionation of SWC (solar wind composition)-Ne intersects line p at a 20Ne/22Ne ratio of -11.3, which is interpreted to represent SEP (solar energetic particle) Ne (cf. Section 2.8). Open symbols unetched sample. Solid symbols etched samples. SF Solar flare Ne. Reproduced from Signer et al. (1993).

The red patches of luminescence have been associated with the arrival of energetic particles emitted during solar flares (31, 32). 

Figure 6.8 Schematic view of solar surface. Magnetic field lines rise from one sunspot into the corona and plunge back down into the other. At the top of the loop, the filed lines can become twisted to produce a solar flare that lights up the chromosphere below.

The flame coming from the orange represents a solar flare that shoots from the Sun. Remember, I told you about them when we talked about twisted magnetic fields near the Sun. A huge flare on the sun releases more energy than the planet Earth uses in 100,000 years.16 Just like your match, most solar flares only live for a short time, some only a few minutes. But very large flares can last over an hour. ... 

Bob nods. Humans didn t discover solar flares until 1858. It was at this time that scientists were studying sunspots and suddenly saw a large flare of white light. In fact, solar flares occur near sunspots, and the number of solar flares rises and falls with the 11 year cycle of sunspots that I told you about. Solar flares appear to be triggered by strong magnetic fields. 18... 

Figure 6.9 Solar mischief. Solar flares can cause the Earth s atmosphere to puff up like a toasting marshmallow, leading to additional drag on Earth-orbiting satellites. Solar flares can also disrupt communications, cause storms and auroras, and disrupt the Earth s magnetic fields so compasses don t work.

NASA, What is a Solar Flare http //hesperia.gsfc.nasa.gov/sftheory/flare.htm... 

Stellar nucleosynthesis No production of 6Li seems possible in stars, other than a very small surface abundance that can be established by nuclear reactions in solar flares. Even with that small production, stars are net destroyers of 6Li, so when their ejecta return to the interstellar material it is 6Li-poor. So stars are not its source. 

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