Synthetic chemicals development

PCP (PHENCYCLIDINE) Also known as angel dust, a powerful and toxic synthetic chemical developed in home laboratories. 

Now let us get back to the so-called organic farming/food. The rationales for such fanning are not well spelled out it is based on the vague notion that natural is better than artificial in any way. The fanning practices must have been developed naturally to the best degree attainable before the introduction of artificial chemicals fertilizers, insecticides, etc. Synthetic chemicals developed as above should have exhibited their specific effects and most of them did so, but many of them have turned out to cause a number of undesirable consequences. Hence it might be wise to return to the practice without artificial chemicals. 

Phenol—formaldehyde (PF) was the first of the synthetic adhesives developed. By combining phenol with formaldehyde, which has exceptional cross-linking abiHties with many chemicals and materials, and a small amount of sodium hydroxide, a resin was obtained. The first resins soHdified as they cooled, and it was discovered that if it was ground to a powder with a small amount of additional formaldehyde and the appHcation of more heat, the mixture would Hquify and then convert to a permanently hard material. Upon combination of the powdered resin mixture with a filler material such as wood flour, the result then being placed in a mold and pressed under heat and pressure, a hard, durable, black plastic material was found to result. For many years these resulting products were called BakeHte, the trade name of the inventor. BakeHte products are still produced today, but this use accounts for only a small portion of the PF resins used. 

In the discovery phase, a reaction route is developed to allow synthesis of a maximum number of analogues for pharmacological testing. Since the focus is on synthetic flexibility, issues of scale are not central. Once a lead compound exhibits a useful pharmacological activity and is identified as a candidate for further development, larger scale synthesis is required to evaluate stability, bioavailability, toxicity, physicochemical properties, and other compound properties. The Chemical Development Department is usually involved in the preparation of supplies for these activities. 

Farben, said Von Knieriem, had two weapons sole scientific knowledge of the latest chemical developments in the explosives field, and a monopoly on the intermediate products that Dynamit A.G. couldn t do without. If Dynamit A.G. bought nitrates from Chile, their violation of the Versailles Treaty would be obvious to the rest of the world. And in Germany, Farben had a complete monopoly on synthetic nitrates. 

Much activity is evident in the application of enzymes in synthetic and natural products chemistry (9-26). Surprisingly, this is not a new field of endeavor, but rather one that was extensively developed for application in solving synthetic chemical problems in the steroid field. The earliest work in this field took place during the early twentieth century, and serious industrial application of biocatalysis began in the late 1940s (8). The successes obtained in steroid chemistry clearly underlined the potential for biocatalysis to contribute in other areas of natural products chemistry including that with the alkaloids. 

This chapter surveys different process options to convert terpenes, plant oils, carbohydrates and lignocellulosic materials into valuable chemicals and polymers. Three different strategies of conversion processes integrated in a biorefinery scheme are proposed from biomass to bioproducts via degraded molecules , from platform molecules to bioproducts , and from biomass to bioproducts via new synthesis routes . Selected examples representative of the three options are given. Attention is focused on conversions based on one-pot reactions involving one or several catalytic steps that could be used to replace conventional synthetic routes developed for hydrocarbons. 

Aniline is a purple dye that has the distinction of being the first synthetic dye ever made. It was developed in Germany at the end of the 19th century and its manufacture led to the development of the entire synthetic chemical and pharmaceutical industry that we know today. It is used as a dye and also as a stage in the synthesis of other dyes and chemicals. Unfortunately, both aniline and its derivatives, such as monomethyl-analine and dimethylaniline, are toxic. 

During the course of chemical development, impurity profiles in drug substances may change due to changes in synthetic route and changes in the size of the batch. ICH guidelines for Impurities in New Drug Substances (ICH Q3A), require that impurity test results for... 

DDT enters an insect by dissolving the thin layer of fatty substances that repel water from the waxy outer skin and then paralyzes vital nerve centers. Muller was disappointed to learn that he was not the first discoverer of DDT 65 years earlier, a graduate student Othmer Zeidler had synthesized the compound as part of his chemistry doctoral thesis. Zeidler described many of DDT s properties and developed the method used to make it commercially, but he did not discover its insecticide powers. When Geigy took out the basic Swiss patent in 1940, it was not for the composition matter, but for its use as an insecticide. This began the era of synthetic chemical pesticides. 

Paul Anastas was born in Quincy, Massachusetts, on May 16, 1962. He attended the University of Massachusetts at Boston, from which he earned his B.S. degree in chemistry in 1984. He then studied at Brandeis University, outside Boston, where he earned his M.A. in 1987 and his Ph.D. in organic chemistry in 1989. His first job was as a consultant to chemical industries on the development of new analytical and synthetic chemical processes. 

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