Synthesis inorganic carbides

Industrial use of HCl gas for the manufacture of inorganic chemicals includes the preparation of anhydrous NH4CI by direct reaction with NH3 and the synthesis of anhydrous metal chlorides by reaction with appropriate carbides, nitrides, oxides or even the free metals themselves, e,g, ... 

Most forms of carbon, except diamond, which are renowned as supports for precious metal catalysts in certain applications [3], interact strongly with MW [4]. Amorphous carbon and graphite, in their powdered form, irradiated at 2.45 GHz, rapidly (within 1 min) reach very high temperatures (>1300 K). This property has been used to explain MW-assisted syntheses of inorganic solids [5], In these syntheses carbon is either a secondary susceptor which assists the initial heating but does not react with other reactants, or is one of the reactants, e. g. in the synthesis of metal carbides. MW-carbon coupling has also been widely developed ... 

A common precursor to LnN are the simple inorganic amides Ln(NH2)x (x = 2, 3) which can be placed between the nitrides and the alkyl substituted amides. Their main use lies in the synthesis of other solid materials like lanthanide hydroxides [21,33], carbides [34] or above-mentioned nitrides. Very recently solutions of europium and ytterbium in liquid ammonia have been rediscovered as synthetic tools (Sect. 7.1). 

Novoselova I.A. (1988) High Temperature Electrochemical Synthesis of Molybdenum and Tungsten Carbides under Excessive Pressure of Carbonic Gas. Institute of General Inorganic Chemistry, Kiev, Ukraine, PhD thesis. 

Arsenic Inorganic Chemistry Borides Solid-state Chemistry Carbides Transition Metal Solid-state Chemistry Chalcogenides Solid-state Chemistry Electronic Structure of Solids Mixed Valence Compounds Phosphoras Inorganic Chemistry Thin Film Synthesis of Solids Zintl Compounds. 

Although Wohler s experiment did not immediately disprove vitalism, it started a chain of similar experiments by other European chemists. Eventually, the idea that the synthesis of organic compounds required a vital force was discredited. Today the term organic compound is applied to all carbon-containing compounds with the primary exceptions of carbon oxides, carbides, and carbonates, which are considered inorganic. An entire branch of chemistry, called organic chemistry, is devoted to the study of carbon compounds. 

Of the multisectored core companies listed in Table 1.1, all except Allied Chemical were American first movers in products based on new chemical technologies. Du Pont, Dow, Monsanto, and American Cyanamid established their initial learning bases between 1896 and 1907. Du Pont was the first mover in nitrocellulose-based explosives, Dow in electrically produced inorganic chemicals, and Monsanto in the synthesis of foods and flavors. The several companies that in 1917 made up Union Carbide had also pioneered in a range of electrically based inorganic products. On the other hand, only one of the enterprises that merged into Allied commercialized a new technology. 

PLASMA-CHEMICAL SYNTHESIS OF NITRIDES AND CARBIDES OF INORGANIC MATERIALS... 

Plasma-Chemical Synthesis of Nitrides and Carbides of Inorganic Materials... 

Most well-known hard materials have surprisingly simple crystal structures. Here we give an overview of the crystal chemistry of hard materials. Different aspects of the various crystal structures are discussed, such as close-packed structures with filled octahedral voids like titanium carbide, the tetrahedral arrangements in SiC or the three-dimensional inorganic networks in a- and P-Si3N4. Also we briefly mention the synthesis and some applications of various hard materials. 

In die sections that follow, we briefly discuss the synthesis of inorganic solids by various methods with several examples, paying attention to the chemical routes. While oxide materials occupy a great part of the monograph, other classes of materials such as chalcogenides, carbides, fluorides and nitrides are also discussed. Superconducting oxides, intermetallics, porous materials and intergrowlh structures have been discussed in separate sections. We have added a new section on nanomaterials. 

In this book, we briefly examine the different types of reactions and methods employed in the synthesis of inorganic solid materials. Besides the traditional ceramic procedures, we discuss precursor methods, combustion method, topochemical reactions, intercalation reactions, ion-exchange reactions, alkali-flux method, sol-gel method, mechanochemical synthesis, microwave synthesis, electrochemical methods, pyrosol process, arc and skull methods and high-pressure methods. Hydrothermal and solvothermal syntheses are discussed separately and also in sections dealing with specific materials. Superconducting cuprates and intergrowth structures are discussed in separate sections. Synthesis of nanomaterials is dealt with in some detail. Synthetic methods for metal borides, carbides, nitrides, fluorides, sili-cides, phosphides and chalcogenides are also outlined. 

Temperature-programmed reactions (TPR), developed by Volpe and co-workers, are efficiently used for the synthesis of metal carbides [45]. This method is prominent for the synthesis of metal carbides and other inorganic nanomaterials of desired shape and properties. Metal oxides are essentially heated at high temperature in the presence of hydrocarbon. In this synthesis method, the reactant gases of optimized ratio of CH4/H2 or are passed over the metal oxides. After the... 

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