Synthase gene

The biosynthesis of maduropeptin has not been studied in detail, but an iterative type I polyketide synthase gene predicted to be responsible for forming the enediyne core structure has been identified [188]. 

FRAY R, WALLACE A, FRASER P D, VALERO D, HEDDEN P, BRAMLEY P M and GRIERSON D (1995) Constitutive expression of a fruit phytoene synthase gene in transgenic tomatoes causes dwarfism by redirecting metabolites from the gibberellin pathway . Plant J, 8, 696-701. 

Fray, R.G. and Grierson, D., Identification and genetic analysis of normal and mutant phytoene synthase genes of tomato by sequencing, complementation and co-suppression, Plant Mol. Biol. 22, 589, 1993. 

The last enzymatic step of the cannabinoid pathway is the production of THCA (3.5), CBDA (3.4) or CBGA (3.6). The compounds are produced by three different enzymes. The first enzyme produces the major psychoactive compound of cannabis, THCA [21,38] the second and third are responsible for the production of CBDA [39] and CBGA [40], respectively. All of these enzymes belong to the enzyme group oxidoreductases [38-41], which means that they are able to use an electron donor for the transfer of an electron to an acceptor. From these enzymes only the THCA and the CBDA synthase gene sequence have been elucidated. Their product also represents the highest constituent in most C. sativa strains. 

K. Higuchi, K. Suzuki, H. Nakanishi, H. Yamaguchi, N. K. Nishizawa, and S. Mori, Cloning of nicotianamine synthase genes, novel genes involved in the biosynthesis of phytosiderophores. Plant Physiol. 779 474 (1999). 

Fujimori, K, et at (2003). Regulation of lipocalin-type prostaglandin D synthase gene expression by Hes-1 through E-box and interleukin-1 beta via two NF-kappa B elements in rat leptomeningeal cells. ]. Biot Chem. 278, 6018-26. 

Miyagi, M., et al. (2005). Activator protein-1 mediates shear stress-induced prostaglandin d synthase gene expression in vascular endothelial cells. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vase. Biol. 25, 970-5. 

Rodriguez, C. M., et al. (2000). Expression of the lipocalin-type prostaglandin D synthase gene in the reproductive tracts of Holstein bulls. J. Reprod. Pert. 120, 303-9. 

Hutchinson, C.R. and Fujii, I. (1995) Polyketide synthase gene manipulation a structure-function approach in engineering novel antibiotics. Annual Review of Microbiology, 49, 201. 

Wang, Y. and Pfeifer, B.A. (2007) 6-Deoxyerythronolide B production through chromosomal localization ofthe deoxyerythronolide B synthase genes in E. coli. Metabolic Engineering, 10, 33-38. 

Menzella, H.G., Reid, R., Carney, J.R. et al. (2005) Combinatorial polyketide biosynthesis by de novo design and rearrangement of modular polyketide synthase genes. Nature Biotechnology, 23, 1171-1176. 

MacNeil, D.J., Occi, J.L., Gewain, K.M. et al. (1992) Complex organization of the Streptomyces avermetilis genes encoding the avermectin polyketide synthase. Gene, 115, 119-125. 

Table 1. Alphabetic list of bacteria strains from which PHA synthase genes were cloned and characterized (updated from [53]) ...

Fig. 2a-d. Multiple alignment of primary structures from 36 PHA synthases. A comparison of amino acid sequences derived from PH A synthase genes is shown. Amino acids are specified by the standard one-letter abbreviations. The consensus sequence represents amino acid residues (shaded) which are present in at least 50% of the PHA synthases. Highly conserved amino acids, which are present in at least 70% of the PHA synthases, are additionally underlined in the consensus sequence and the eight amino acid residues, which are present in all PHA synthases, are indicated as bold letters. See Table 1 for references... 

At least 53 PHA synthases have meanwhile been cloned from 42 different bacterial strains, and the nucleotide sequences of 38 different PHA synthases from 31 different bacteria have been obtained (Table 1, Fig. 2). That the number of sequenced PHA synthases exceeds the number of bacteria from which they have been cloned is due to the occurrence of two or even more PHA synthase genes in some bacteria. The organization of PHA synthase genes and other genes of... 

The presence of a PHA synthase alone is not sufficient to allow synthesis of PHAs. PHA biosynthesis will not occur if genes encoding enzymes required for the synthesis of hydroxyacyl-coenzyme A thioesters are absent or if the pathways constituted by these enzymes are for whatever reason not functionally active. This becomes evident, for example, when a PHA synthase gene is expressed in wild type or normal laboratory strains of E. coir, even if a functionally active PHA synthase is expressed, no or only traces of PHAs are accumulated. 

Aim Identification of PHA synthase genes A. caviae PHA- phaC, phaJAc Poly(3HB-co-3HHx) or PHA [81]... 

Thymidylate Synthase Gene Promoter Polymorphism and Response to 5-Flurouracil-Based Chemotherapy... 

Johnston PG, Lenz HJ, Leichman CG et al. Thymidylate synthase gene and protein expression correlate and are associated with response to 5-fluorouracil in human colorectal and gastric tumors. Cancer Res 1995 55 1407-1412. 

Ulrich CM, Bigler J, Velicer CM et al. Searching expressed sequence tag databases discovery and confirmation of a common polymorphism in the thymidylate synthase gene. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2000 9 1381-1385. 

Kawakami K, Omura K, Kanehira E et al. Polymorphic tandem repeats in the thymidylate synthase gene is associated with its protein expression in human gastrointestinal cancers. Anticancer Res 1999 19 3249-3252. 

VlLLAFRANCA E, OKRUZHNOV Y, DOMIN-guez MA et al. Polymorphisms of the repeated sequences in the enhancer region of the thymidylate synthase gene promoter may predict downstaging after preoperative chemoradiation in rectal cancer. J Clin Oncol 2001 19 1779-1786. 

In 1995, Horie et al. described a polymorphic tandem repeat found in the 5 -un-translated region of the thymidylate synthase gene [70]. Thymidylate synthase (TS TYMS) catalyzes the intracellular transfer of a methyl group to deoxyuridine-5-monophosphate (dUMP) to form deoxythymidine-5-monophosphate (dTMP), which is anabolized in cells to the triphosphate (dTTP). This pathway is the only de- novo source of thymidine, an essential precursor for DNA synthesis and repair. The methyl donor for this reaction is the folate cofactor 5,10-methylenetetrahydro-folate (CH2-THF) (Figure 24.4). 

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