Translational region

De Santis A, Sampoli M, Mazzacurati V and Ricci M A 1987 Raman spectra of water in the translational region Chem. Phys. Lett. 133 381-4... 

In 1995, Horie et al. described a polymorphic tandem repeat found in the 5 -un-translated region of the thymidylate synthase gene [70]. Thymidylate synthase (TS TYMS) catalyzes the intracellular transfer of a methyl group to deoxyuridine-5-monophosphate (dUMP) to form deoxythymidine-5-monophosphate (dTMP), which is anabolized in cells to the triphosphate (dTTP). This pathway is the only de- novo source of thymidine, an essential precursor for DNA synthesis and repair. The methyl donor for this reaction is the folate cofactor 5,10-methylenetetrahydro-folate (CH2-THF) (Figure 24.4). 

Fig. 18. The hindered translational region of the vibrational spectrum as predicted by the Wores Rice model (from Ref. 64>)...

The preceding suggests that the structure of the density of vibrational states in the hindered translation region is primarily sensitive to local topology, and not to other details of either structure or interaction. This is indeed the case. Weare and Alben 35) have shown that the density of vibrational states of an exactly tetrahedral solid with zero bond-bending force constant is particularly simple. The theorem states that the density of vibrational states expressed as a function of M (o2 (in our case M is the mass of a water molecule) consists of three parts, each of which contains one state per molecule. These arb a delta function at zero, a delta function at 8 a, where a is the bond stretching force constant, and a continuous band which has the same density of states as the "one band Hamiltonian... 

Fig. 1.54 Principle of negative control of translation initiation by protein binding to mRNA. Proteins can negatively effect translation by binding to the sequences in the 5 non-translated region of their own or other mRNAs. The participating proteins are sequence-specific RNA binding proteins and recognize RNA sequences in hairpin structures or other secondary structures of RNA. The protein binding interferes with the scanning of ribosomes and prevents the translation of mRNA.

The initiation codon, usually an AUG, signals the start of translation, and a termination codon marks the end of the translated region. In the analysis of prokaryotic DNA sequences, the signals include the transcriptional and translational initiation sites, the ribosome-binding site, and the transcriptional and translational termination sites. Due to the interrupted nature of the eukaryotic genes, the signals include the translation initiation sites, the intron/exon boundaries (splice sites), translational termination sites, and the polyadenylation sites. 

As an example of the information lost by exploring the DOS of powdered samples we compare the calculated dispersion curves of ice Ih and Ic. They have quite different dispersion curves in the translational region due to their different symmetries, but these are inaccessible to neutron dispersion measurements due to the proton disorder in the structures. Only the DOS can be measured. As a result, the detail of the information in the dispersion curves is lost, or at least degraded, by comparing only the DOS. From both experiments [22,55] and calculations, we have found that the two ices share an identical spectrum as shown in Fig. 3. This is because they share the same local structure in their lattices (the tetrahedral symmetry) and the same local force field. If the integration over the first BZ is incomplete (i.e. if too few q-points were used), there would be a considerable difference between calculation and observation spectra. 

The RT motions of water are, therefore, effectively limited to molecular diffusion and those vibrations in the low energy part of the translational region. Hence the thermal displacement should be... 

Using a polarised potential developed from the MCY potential (namely NCC potential [37]), Sciortino and Corongiu [73] have calculated the DOS for ice Ih using a cell of -400 molecules. The DOS reproduces the double peak feature in the translational region at 28 and 34 meV, but with very poor statistics and a small energy separation in comparison with the experimentally measured one. This indicates an incomplete summation over the BZ. Indeed, as we discussed above, 300 molecules would provide less than 20 q-points in the first BZ. Further work on a larger super-cell and improved energy resolution is needed to compare a better DOS with the INS spectra. 

This approach has recently been applied to the association of a phosphodiester antisense oligonucleotide directed against the 3 non-translated region of the PKCa gene with nanospheres prepared from PIBCA. These nanospheres were able to inhibit PKCot neoexpression in cultured Hep G6 cells. 

Figure 3 Raman spectra in the translational region observed in the geometiy a(, )b. The spectrum in Ih was measured at lOOK and those in XI at 65K. (c,T) for Ih phase means scattered light includes both c and a polarization. Two thin lines at 230cm and 315cm are guides for eyes.

Raman activated due to the disorder in Ih phase. Thus Raman spectra observed in XI phase in the translational region are assigned quite successfully as summarized in Table 1. 

In this assay, antisense inhibitors to 80 sites in the target RNA are synthesized and screened in TNFa-receptor 1 positive cells. In addition, the effects of a variety of control oli-gonucleotidesare evaluated. In this figure, the RNA is displayed 5 in the translated region to the 3 -untranslated region and each bar rep-... 

Figure 2 Exon—intron organization of human and mouse Y1 genes. The tall parts of exons 2 and 3 correspond to the translated regions of these exons. Three alternative exon 1 have been found in the human gene (Ball et al., 1996).

Figure 3. Nucleotide bases obtained from cDNA via colony hybridization. Translated region of atroxase is also included.

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