Sympathomimetics glaucoma with

Befunolol hydrochloride is the newest of the 6"adrenergic blockers to be introduced for the treatment of glaucoma. It is reportedly devoid of intrinsic sympathomimetic activity, with lower membrane-stabilizing activity than propranolol. 

Phenylephrine is a nasal decongestant that mimics the sympathetic system, thereby increasing the heart rate and blood pressure. It may aggravate conditions such as diabetes, hypertension and glaucoma. Patients with hypertension, ischaemic heart disease, hyperthyroidism, diabetes and glaucoma are therefore given topical nasal sympathomimetics rather than systemic sympathomimetics. Both topical and systemic sympathomimetics are contraindicated in patients taking monoamine oxidase inhibitors, because concurrent administration of the two products may lead to a hypertensive crisis. 

Topical beta-blockers can precipitate asthma and therefore must not be used to treat this patient s glaucoma. Topical prostaglandin analogues (e.g. latanoprost drops) are used as first-line treatment of glaucoma together with a sympathomimetic agent, brimonidine, as an alternative to beta-blockers in asthmatic and COPD patients. 

Adverse drug reactions because of their pressor effects, and because they can also increase heart rate, sympathomimetic decongestants should be avoided by patients with any kind of cardiovascular condition or glaucoma. They also interfere with metabolism, including glucose metabolism, and should not... 

Similar caution should be exercised with biogenic amine uptake blockers such as tricyclic antidepressants. Amphetamine is contraindicated in advanced arteriosclerosis symptomatic cardiovascular disease moderate to severe hypertension hyperthyroidism hypersensitivity or idiosyncrasy to the sympathomimetic amines glaucoma agitated states history of drug abuse and during or within 14 days following administration of monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors. 

The combination is indicated in reduction of lOP in patients with ocular hypertension or open-angle glaucoma. Timolol (Blocadren, others) is a potent, non-subtype-selective P-receptor antagonist. It has no intrinsic sympathomimetic or membrane-stabilizing activity. It is used to treat hypertension, CHF, migraine prophylaxis, and has been widely used for treatment of open-angle glaucoma and intraocular hypertension. 

Owing to its sympathomimetic activity, ephedrine may be contraindicated for individuals with hypertension or other cardiovascular diseases, glaucoma, diabetes, and hyperthyroidism [64]. 

Sympathomimetics are used to produce mydriasis for ophthalmoscopic evaluation mydriasis is not maximal, as with the anticholinergic mydriatics, but especially in younger patients sympathomimetic mydriasis proves quite effective and causes little or no reduction in accommodation. Sympathomimetic agents are also used as vasoconstrictors in surgical procedures, for symptomatic relief or allergic reactions and hyperaemia of the conjunctiva, and to lower intra-ocular pressure in glaucoma. 

Guanethidine, an adrenergic neuroneblocking agent, is useful in cases of glaucoma, chemical sympathectomy, ptosis and lid retraction. The reduction in lOP is relatively small. Tissues treated with guanethidine become sensitized to sympathomimetic-acting... 

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